1.0.1 This code is formulated with a view to improve the technical level of cement concrete pavement (hereinafter referred to as concrete pavement) construction, guarantee the engineering quality and promote the development of communications construction and transportation.
1.0.2 This code is applicable to the construction and acceptance of the cast-in situ cement concrete pavements of the new/remodeled roads, urban roads and factory/mine roads as well as civil airport pavements.
Note: the civil airport pavements point to the runway, parking apron and taxiway.
1.0.3 As for the construction of the concrete pavement, corresponding technical measures must be adopted according to the design documents and construction conditions as well as many other different conditions such as hydrology, geology and weather in order to guarantee the engineering quality.
1.0.4 The selection of raw materials for the concrete pavements shall carry through the principle of adapting to the local conditions and using the local materials.
1.0.5 As for the construction of the concrete pavement, mechanical operation shall be adopted. In addition, new technologies/materials and processes also shall be adopted aggressively.
1.0.6 As for the construction and acceptance of the concrete pavement, not only the provisions stipulated in this code, but also those in the current relevant standards and codes of the nation shall be complied with.
Chapter 2 Construction Preparation
2.0.1 The construction units shall determine the construction schemes and prepare the construction designs according to the design documents and construction conditions.
2.0.2 Before the construction, such a problem shall be solved as the facilities used for water and electricity supply, traffic roads, stirring, stack yard, office & living buildings, shed/warehouse and fire protection.
2.0.3 As for those buildings, irrigation channels and underground pipelines which are obstacles to the construction, they shall be relocated before the construction.
2.0.4 Before the construction, sampling and specimen analysis must be conducted for the raw materials of the concrete pavement. In addition, the test data of the concrete mix proportion also shall be provided.
2.0.5 The construction units shall determine the pavement center, pavement width and vertical/horizontal elevation according to the design document, retest surface and elevation control pile. The accuracy for the control pile measurement shall meet the requirements of the relevant national standards and codes.
Chapter 3 Base and Cushion
3.0.1 The base of the concrete pavement shall meet the following requirements:
1. The base height, width, vertical/horizontal slope and side slope all shall meet the design requirements;
2. The base shall be equipped with fine drainage system;
3. The base shall be firm and stable, its compactness and planeness shall meet the design requirements;
4. As for widening the existing base, the new and old bases shall be combined well with each other, and the compactness shall meet the design requirements.
3.0.2 As for the bases of the concrete pavement, the good plate-forming and high-strength semi-rigid bases, such as lime-stabilized soil, industrial residues, grading crushed stone (or gravel)-mixed lime and cement-stabilized gravel (including the gravel soil) bases as well as the marl crushed stone (or gravel) bases, should be adopted.
3.0.3 The base strength of the concrete pavement shall meet the design requirements. The base construction shall meet the following requirements:
1. The lime-stabilized soil base shall live up to such requirements that the clods shall be shattered, the lime qualified, burden accurate, mixing uniform, water content optimal and base compact. The lime content should account for 8-12% of the soil. If the day average temperature is lower than 5℃, then the base construction shall be stopped and the base shall reach the specified strength before the freezing. Moreover, the lime-stabilized soil base should not be constructed on rainy days.
2. As for those industrial residue bases such as the cinder, fly ash and metallurgical slag bases, they shall be mixed with certain amounts of lime soil or stone ballast according to their chemical and grain compositions, and then they shall be watered, mixed and compacted, and last be cured by sprinkling. If the day average temperature is lower than 5℃, then the base construction shall be stopped and the base shall reach the specified strength before the freezing;
3. As for the marl crushed stone (or gravel) base, the marl content shall be seriously controlled. The total marl content should not be larger than 20% of the total mixture. The lime content should account for 8-12% of the soil while the soil plasticity index should be 10～14. Grouting method or mixing method may be adopted for the construction. If the mixing method is adopted, then the lime soil shall be first mixed uniformly.
Note: the soil plasticity index is the standard measured liquid limit when adopting the 70g balance, such adopting the 100g balance. It should be 15-20.
4. As for the grading crushed stone (or gravel)-mixed lime base, their crushed stone (or gravel) grains shall meet the grading requirements. The fine grain content should account for 20-30%, while the lime content should account for 8-12% of the fine grains;
5. As for the gravels in the cement-stabilized gravel (including gravel soil) base, they shall be grading to some extent. The maximum grain diameter shall not exceed 5cm and the cement content should not exceed 6% of the total mixture mass. In addition, the compacting must be finished before the final set of the cement.
3.0.4 After the base is completed, curing shall be strengthened and traffic shall be controlled in case there appear vehicle grooves. If any damage is found, then the same material shall be adopted to repair it and compact in front of the casted concrete slab. Loose granular materials must not be adopted. As for the widened bases, they shall have the same strength as the old parts.
3.0.5 As for the cushion construction, it shall meet the following requirements:
1. The local sand grains or slag should be adopted;
2. Before the construction of cushion, the base problems shall be managed all right and drainage facilities also shall be completed;
3. The cushion paving shall be compact and uniform;
4. When the lime soil cushion is adopted in the frost area, if the day average temperature is lower than 5℃, then the base construction shall be stopped and the base shall reach the specified strength before the frost.
3.0.6 As for the construction of the concrete pavement, shoulder of the road, drainage and sidewalk shall be completed according to the design requirements.
Chapter 4 Construction of Cement Concrete Slab
Section 1 Materials
4.1.1 Cement used for the concrete slab shall meet the following requirements:
1. High-strength, low-contractility, high-wearability and good-frost resistance cement shall be adopted. Its physical properties and chemical compositions shall meet the requirements of the relevant national standards;
2. As for the roads, urban road and factory/mine roads, the Portland cement or ordinary Portland cement (Portland cement for short) shall be adopted, and the cement grade shall not be lower than 425. If the conditions don't require, then the slag cement may be adopted, and its grade shall not be lower than 425. In addition, the water requirements also shall be seriously controlled. The stirring time may be duly prolonged and the curing work shall be strengthened. 325 Portland cement may also be adopted, but the admixtures, harsh concrete or vacuum dehydration shall be adopted.
3. As for the civil airport pavement and highway, Portland cements whose grade is not lower than 425 must be adopted;
4. When the cements are transferred to the plant, there shall be quality certificate and laboratory sheet. Moreover, the types, grades, packing, quantity and release date shall be inspected and accepted;
5. Cements with different grades, brands, types and release date shall not be mixed and must not be used in mixture. As for those cements whose release date is over 3 months or moistened, they must be tested. Based on this test result, they can be determined whether for normal use or demoted. As for those agglomerated or metamorphosed cements, they shall not be used any more.
4.1.2 The sands used for the concrete slab shall meet the following requirements:
1. Coarse and medium sands which are clean, hard, meeting the specified grading requirements and over 2.5 fineness modulus shall be adopted;
2. If the coarse and medium sands could not be obtained, then fine sands whose sundries content is less than 3% may also be adopted if feasible through the mix proportion test;
3. The specifications of the sands shall be in accordance with those specified in Table 4.1.2.
Chapter 1 General Provision Chapter 2 Construction Preparation Chapter 3 Base and Cushion Chapter 4 Construction of Cement Concrete Slab Section 1 Materials Section 2 Concrete Mix proportion Section 3 Stirring and Transportation of Concrete Mixtures Section 4 Pouring of Concrete Mixtures Section 5 Steel Bar Installation Section 6 Joint Construction Section 7 Curing of Concrete Slab Section 8 Winter Construction and Summer Construction Section 9 Thickening of Old Concrete Slab Chapter 5 quality inspection and final acceptance of Cement Concrete Pavement Section 1 Quality Inspection Section 2 Final Acceptance Chapter 6 Safety Production Appendix 1 Calculation Examples of Concrete Mixing Proportion Appendix 2 Vacuum Dehydration Process of Concrete Slab Appendix 3 Joint-cutting Equipments and Construction Process for the Concrete Slab Appendix 4 Joint Filler of the Concrete Slab Appendix 5 Plastic Film Curing Process of the Concrete Slab Appendix 6 Concrete Compressive, Flexural and Tensile Splitting Strength Tests Flexural strength test Appendix 7 Conversion of Measurement Units Appendix 8 Words Explanation Additional Information
Chapter 1 General Provision
1.0.1 This code is formulated with a view to improve the technical level of cement concrete pavement (hereinafter referred to as concrete pavement) construction, guarantee the engineering quality and promote the development of communications construction and transportation.
1.0.2 This code is applicable to the construction and acceptance of the cast-in situ cement concrete pavements of the new/remodeled roads, urban roads and factory/mine roads as well as civil airport pavements.
Note: the civil airport pavements point to the runway, parking apron and taxiway.
1.0.3 As for the construction of the concrete pavement, corresponding technical measures must be adopted according to the design documents and construction conditions as well as many other different conditions such as hydrology, geology and weather in order to guarantee the engineering quality.
1.0.4 The selection of raw materials for the concrete pavements shall carry through the principle of adapting to the local conditions and using the local materials.
1.0.5 As for the construction of the concrete pavement, mechanical operation shall be adopted. In addition, new technologies/materials and processes also shall be adopted aggressively.
1.0.6 As for the construction and acceptance of the concrete pavement, not only the provisions stipulated in this code, but also those in the current relevant standards and codes of the nation shall be complied with.
Chapter 2 Construction Preparation
2.0.1 The construction units shall determine the construction schemes and prepare the construction designs according to the design documents and construction conditions.
2.0.2 Before the construction, such a problem shall be solved as the facilities used for water and electricity supply, traffic roads, stirring, stack yard, office & living buildings, shed/warehouse and fire protection.
2.0.3 As for those buildings, irrigation channels and underground pipelines which are obstacles to the construction, they shall be relocated before the construction.
2.0.4 Before the construction, sampling and specimen analysis must be conducted for the raw materials of the concrete pavement. In addition, the test data of the concrete mix proportion also shall be provided.
2.0.5 The construction units shall determine the pavement center, pavement width and vertical/horizontal elevation according to the design document, retest surface and elevation control pile. The accuracy for the control pile measurement shall meet the requirements of the relevant national standards and codes.
Chapter 3 Base and Cushion
3.0.1 The base of the concrete pavement shall meet the following requirements:
1. The base height, width, vertical/horizontal slope and side slope all shall meet the design requirements;
2. The base shall be equipped with fine drainage system;
3. The base shall be firm and stable, its compactness and planeness shall meet the design requirements;
4. As for widening the existing base, the new and old bases shall be combined well with each other, and the compactness shall meet the design requirements.
3.0.2 As for the bases of the concrete pavement, the good plate-forming and high-strength semi-rigid bases, such as lime-stabilized soil, industrial residues, grading crushed stone (or gravel)-mixed lime and cement-stabilized gravel (including the gravel soil) bases as well as the marl crushed stone (or gravel) bases, should be adopted.
3.0.3 The base strength of the concrete pavement shall meet the design requirements. The base construction shall meet the following requirements:
1. The lime-stabilized soil base shall live up to such requirements that the clods shall be shattered, the lime qualified, burden accurate, mixing uniform, water content optimal and base compact. The lime content should account for 8-12% of the soil. If the day average temperature is lower than 5℃, then the base construction shall be stopped and the base shall reach the specified strength before the freezing. Moreover, the lime-stabilized soil base should not be constructed on rainy days.
2. As for those industrial residue bases such as the cinder, fly ash and metallurgical slag bases, they shall be mixed with certain amounts of lime soil or stone ballast according to their chemical and grain compositions, and then they shall be watered, mixed and compacted, and last be cured by sprinkling. If the day average temperature is lower than 5℃, then the base construction shall be stopped and the base shall reach the specified strength before the freezing;
3. As for the marl crushed stone (or gravel) base, the marl content shall be seriously controlled. The total marl content should not be larger than 20% of the total mixture. The lime content should account for 8-12% of the soil while the soil plasticity index should be 10～14. Grouting method or mixing method may be adopted for the construction. If the mixing method is adopted, then the lime soil shall be first mixed uniformly.
Note: the soil plasticity index is the standard measured liquid limit when adopting the 70g balance, such adopting the 100g balance. It should be 15-20.
4. As for the grading crushed stone (or gravel)-mixed lime base, their crushed stone (or gravel) grains shall meet the grading requirements. The fine grain content should account for 20-30%, while the lime content should account for 8-12% of the fine grains;
5. As for the gravels in the cement-stabilized gravel (including gravel soil) base, they shall be grading to some extent. The maximum grain diameter shall not exceed 5cm and the cement content should not exceed 6% of the total mixture mass. In addition, the compacting must be finished before the final set of the cement.
3.0.4 After the base is completed, curing shall be strengthened and traffic shall be controlled in case there appear vehicle grooves. If any damage is found, then the same material shall be adopted to repair it and compact in front of the casted concrete slab. Loose granular materials must not be adopted. As for the widened bases, they shall have the same strength as the old parts.
3.0.5 As for the cushion construction, it shall meet the following requirements:
1. The local sand grains or slag should be adopted;
2. Before the construction of cushion, the base problems shall be managed all right and drainage facilities also shall be completed;
3. The cushion paving shall be compact and uniform;
4. When the lime soil cushion is adopted in the frost area, if the day average temperature is lower than 5℃, then the base construction shall be stopped and the base shall reach the specified strength before the frost.
3.0.6 As for the construction of the concrete pavement, shoulder of the road, drainage and sidewalk shall be completed according to the design requirements.
Chapter 4 Construction of Cement Concrete Slab
Section 1 Materials
4.1.1 Cement used for the concrete slab shall meet the following requirements:
1. High-strength, low-contractility, high-wearability and good-frost resistance cement shall be adopted. Its physical properties and chemical compositions shall meet the requirements of the relevant national standards;
2. As for the roads, urban road and factory/mine roads, the Portland cement or ordinary Portland cement (Portland cement for short) shall be adopted, and the cement grade shall not be lower than 425. If the conditions don't require, then the slag cement may be adopted, and its grade shall not be lower than 425. In addition, the water requirements also shall be seriously controlled. The stirring time may be duly prolonged and the curing work shall be strengthened. 325 Portland cement may also be adopted, but the admixtures, harsh concrete or vacuum dehydration shall be adopted.
3. As for the civil airport pavement and highway, Portland cements whose grade is not lower than 425 must be adopted;
4. When the cements are transferred to the plant, there shall be quality certificate and laboratory sheet. Moreover, the types, grades, packing, quantity and release date shall be inspected and accepted;
5. Cements with different grades, brands, types and release date shall not be mixed and must not be used in mixture. As for those cements whose release date is over 3 months or moistened, they must be tested. Based on this test result, they can be determined whether for normal use or demoted. As for those agglomerated or metamorphosed cements, they shall not be used any more.
4.1.2 The sands used for the concrete slab shall meet the following requirements:
1. Coarse and medium sands which are clean, hard, meeting the specified grading requirements and over 2.5 fineness modulus shall be adopted;
2. If the coarse and medium sands could not be obtained, then fine sands whose sundries content is less than 3% may also be adopted if feasible through the mix proportion test;
3. The specifications of the sands shall be in accordance with those specified in Table 4.1.2.
Contents of GBJ 97-1987
Chapter 1 General Provision
Chapter 2 Construction Preparation
Chapter 3 Base and Cushion
Chapter 4 Construction of Cement Concrete Slab
Section 1 Materials
Section 2 Concrete Mix proportion
Section 3 Stirring and Transportation of Concrete Mixtures
Section 4 Pouring of Concrete Mixtures
Section 5 Steel Bar Installation
Section 6 Joint Construction
Section 7 Curing of Concrete Slab
Section 8 Winter Construction and Summer Construction
Section 9 Thickening of Old Concrete Slab
Chapter 5 quality inspection and final acceptance of Cement Concrete Pavement
Section 1 Quality Inspection
Section 2 Final Acceptance
Chapter 6 Safety Production
Appendix 1 Calculation Examples of Concrete Mixing Proportion
Appendix 2 Vacuum Dehydration Process of Concrete Slab
Appendix 3 Joint-cutting Equipments and Construction Process for the Concrete Slab
Appendix 4 Joint Filler of the Concrete Slab
Appendix 5 Plastic Film Curing Process of the Concrete Slab
Appendix 6 Concrete Compressive, Flexural and Tensile Splitting Strength Tests
Flexural strength test
Appendix 7 Conversion of Measurement Units
Appendix 8 Words Explanation
Additional Information
