This standard specifies the relevant tests and measuring methods of the field acceptance test of small hydro turbines as well as the assessment methods of the contract warranty condition.
This standard applies to the field acceptance test of hydro turbines with single machine output power of 15MW and bellow and runner diameter being less than (equal to) 3.3m.
This standard is not related to the specific structures of hydro turbines and the mechanical properties of all kinds of parts.
Foreword I
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units
3.1 Subscripts
3.2 Geometrical terms
3.3 Major physical quantities
3.4 Discharge
3.5 Rotational speed
3.6 Pressure
3.7 Water head
3.8 Power
3.9 Losses
3.10 Efficiency
3.11 Other parameters
3.12 Error symbols and symbols of other terms
3.13 Schematic diagram of hydroelectric unit
3.14 Definition of the water head of typical small hydro turbines
3.14.1 Overview
3.14.2 Turbines with free water surface both at upstream and downstream
3.14.3 Turbine with pressure diversion conduit at upstream and free water surface at downstream
3.14.4 Turbine with pressure diversion conduit and drainage pipe both at upstream and downstream
3.15 Definition of the rise of monentary speed
3.16 Definition of pressure rise
4 Performance and range of guarantee
4.1 Provisions and requirements
4.1.1 Contract provisions
4.1.2 Conditions of power plant
4.1.3 Technical requirements of test instruments and equipments
4.2 Main performance guarantee
4.2.1 Maximun electrical power
4.2.2 Absolute turbine efficiency
4.2.3 Relative turbine efficiency
4.3 Guarantee range
4.3.1 Guaranteed test level (level A, B and C)
4.3.2 Application of test level
4.3.3 Size scale effect of water temperature
4.3.4 Guarantee period
4.3.5 Safe failure, trial run conditions and performance test
5 Safety acceptance tests before trial run
5.1 Test before starting (waterless test)
5.1.1 General rules
5.1.2 Inspection on passage before filling (waterless test)
5.1.3 Inspection when filling the passage with water (water filling test)
5.2 Closing devices (waterless and water filling tests)
5.2.1 General requirements
5.2.2 Water inlet gate or valve
5.2.3 Master intake valve
5.2.4 Movable guide vane (mixed and movable propeller turbines)
5.2.5 Needle valve and deflector (Pelton and inclined jet turbines)
5.3 Trial run and control system
5.4 Operation of bearing with rated rotational speed
5.5 Emergency shutdown (zero load)
5.6 Electric protection
5.7 Overspeed test
5.8 Runaway speed test
5.9 Load rejection test
5.9.1 General requirements
5.9.2 Testing procedures
5.9.3 Measured
6 Trial run and reliability test
6.1 General rules
6.2 Temperature stability of rotating parts
6.2.1 General requirements
6.2.2 Comparison with contract guarantee value
6.3 Control system
6.3.1 Explanation
6.3.2 Operation of the unit without speeder
6.3.3 Operation of the unit with speeder
6.3.4 Operation of the unit with headwater control device
6.3.5 Operation of the unit with power control device
6.3.6 Operation of the unit with electronic load adjusting device
6.4 Measurement when testing the control system
6.5 Setting of static pressure reference mark
6.6 Coherence relationship test
7 Performance guarantee and test
7.1 General requirements
7.2 Maximum electrical power of generator under net head
7.2.1 Measuring method
7.2.2 Guarantee result and scope
7.2.3 Implementation of test
7.3 Relation of electrical power of generator with net head and turbine guide vane (or needle) opening
7.3.1 Measuring method
7.3.2 Guarantee result and scope
7.3.3 Implementation of test
7.4 Index test
7.4.1 General requirements
7.4.2 Definition
7.4.3 Guarantee application and scope
7.4.4 Implementation of test
7.5 Efficiency test carried out according to discharge measurement
7.5.1 General requirements
7.5.2 Selection of discharge measurement
7.5.3 Gruarantee application and scope
7.5.4 Implementation of test
7.6 Efficiency test carried out according to thermodynamic method
7.6.1 Principle
7.6.2 Measuring method
7.6.3 Applicable conditions
7.6.4 Implementation of test
8 Calculation, evaluation and error analysis
8.1 Calculation and evaluation
8.1.1 General rules
8.1.2 Physical, geometric and static pressure value (constant) of prototype turbine under field condition
8.1.3 Measured (variable)
8.1.4 Electrical power of generator (Pgen)
8.1.5 Mechanical power of turbine (Pt)
8.1.6 Absolute discharge (Q)
8.1.7 Relative discharge (index test) (Qix)
8.1.7.1 Measuring relative discharge according to index method
8.1.8 Gross head, static head and net head (H0/Hslal/H)
8.1.9 Absolute turbine efficiency (ηt)
8.1.10 Relative turbine efficiency (ηt,lx)
8.1.11 Plant efficiency (ηplant)
8.2 Error analysis
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 System error evaluation
8.2.3 Random error evaluation
8.2.4 Uncertainty of performance measure
9 Comparison of test result and guarantee value
9.1 Displacement of turbine characteristic
9.2 Electrical power
9.3 Efficiency
9.3.1 General requirements
9.3.2 Relative efficiency of index test
9.3.3 Absolute efficiency obtained according to discharge measurement or thermodynamic method
10 Other guarantee
10.1 Check of cavitation erosion and wear
10.1.1 Cavitation erosion guarantee
10.1.2 Measuring method of cavitation erosion
10.1.3 Comparison of cavitation erosion check result and specified guarantee value
10.1.4 Wear
10.1.5 Wear check
10.1.6 Evaluation of wear
10.2 Noise test of hydraulic generator unit
10.2.1 Measuring method
10.2.2 Acceptance criteria
10.3 Vibration test of hydraulic generator unit
10.3.1 General requirements
10.3.2 Vibration of fixed support parts
10.3.3 Relative vibration of shaft
11 Organizations of test
11.1 Test procedure
11.2 Implementation of field test
11.3 Evaluation of test result
11.4 Test report
12 Data acquisition
12.1 Data sampling
12.2 Transformation of analogue and digit (A/D)
12.3 Manual reading
Appendix A (Informative) Physical data
A.1 General description
A.2 Relation of gravity acceleration with latitude and altitude level
A.3 Water density
A.4 Air density
A.5 Mercury density
Appendix B (Normative) Marking of head definition
Appendix C Measuring methods of rotational speed and head
C.3 Pressure measuring instrument
C.3.1 Positive measuring instrument
C.3.2 Pressure sensor
C.3.3 Gravity manometer
C.3.4 Spring pressure gauge
C.3.5 Liquid column manometer
C.4 Water level measuring instrument
Appendix D (Normative) Measurement of electrical power
D.1 General description
D.1.2 Relation of electrical power of generator and guide vane opening of turbine
D.1.3 Index test (See 7.4)
D.1.4 Efficiency test
D.2 Indirect method of electrical power measurement of synchro generator
D.2.1 General description
D.2.2 Measurement of generator losses
D.2.3 Consistence of active power measured at terminal point
D.3 Indirect method of electrical power measurement of asynchronous generator
D.4 Direct method of electrical power measuring (axial force moment of turbine)
D.5 Losses of generator
Appendix E (Normative) Measuring methods of discharge
E.1 General description
E.1.1 Selection of measuring method
E.1.2 Stability of water flow
E.1.3 Leak penetration and diverging
E.2 Current meter discharge measurement
E.2.1 Current method
E.2.2 Flow measurement of open channel
E.2.3 Flow measurement of round closed pipe
E.2.4 Discharge calculation
E.3 Pressure-time method (Gibson method)
E.3.1 Method principle
E.3.2 Operating conditions
E.3.3 Implementation of method
E.4 Weir method
E.4.1 Measuring principle
E.4.2 Measuring device
E.4.3 Installation condition
E.4.4 Height measurement of overflow layer
E.4.5 Discharge calculation formula
E.5 Pitot tube method
E.5.1 General description
E.5.2 Standard static pressure pitot tube
E.5.3 Nonstandard pitot tube
E.6 Volumetric method
E.7 Acoustic method
E.7.1 Method principle
E.7.2 Operating conditions
E.7.3 Implementation of acoustic method in round pipe
E.7.4 Acoustic hydrometry of small hydro turbines
E.8 Electromagnetic flowmeter
E.8.1 General description
E.8.2 Principle and basical formula
E.8.3 Application conditions
Appendix F (Normative) Efficiency test
F.1 General description
F.2 Efficiency test (absolute discharge method)
F.2.1 General description
F.2.2 Test process
F.3 Thermodynamic method of efficiency test
F.3.1 General description
F.3.2 Test process
This standard specifies the relevant tests and measuring methods of the field acceptance test of small hydro turbines as well as the assessment methods of the contract warranty condition.
This standard applies to the field acceptance test of hydro turbines with single machine output power of 15MW and bellow and runner diameter being less than (equal to) 3.3m.
This standard is not related to the specific structures of hydro turbines and the mechanical properties of all kinds of parts.
Contents of GB/T 22140-2008
Foreword I
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units
3.1 Subscripts
3.2 Geometrical terms
3.3 Major physical quantities
3.4 Discharge
3.5 Rotational speed
3.6 Pressure
3.7 Water head
3.8 Power
3.9 Losses
3.10 Efficiency
3.11 Other parameters
3.12 Error symbols and symbols of other terms
3.13 Schematic diagram of hydroelectric unit
3.14 Definition of the water head of typical small hydro turbines
3.14.1 Overview
3.14.2 Turbines with free water surface both at upstream and downstream
3.14.3 Turbine with pressure diversion conduit at upstream and free water surface at downstream
3.14.4 Turbine with pressure diversion conduit and drainage pipe both at upstream and downstream
3.15 Definition of the rise of monentary speed
3.16 Definition of pressure rise
4 Performance and range of guarantee
4.1 Provisions and requirements
4.1.1 Contract provisions
4.1.2 Conditions of power plant
4.1.3 Technical requirements of test instruments and equipments
4.2 Main performance guarantee
4.2.1 Maximun electrical power
4.2.2 Absolute turbine efficiency
4.2.3 Relative turbine efficiency
4.3 Guarantee range
4.3.1 Guaranteed test level (level A, B and C)
4.3.2 Application of test level
4.3.3 Size scale effect of water temperature
4.3.4 Guarantee period
4.3.5 Safe failure, trial run conditions and performance test
5 Safety acceptance tests before trial run
5.1 Test before starting (waterless test)
5.1.1 General rules
5.1.2 Inspection on passage before filling (waterless test)
5.1.3 Inspection when filling the passage with water (water filling test)
5.2 Closing devices (waterless and water filling tests)
5.2.1 General requirements
5.2.2 Water inlet gate or valve
5.2.3 Master intake valve
5.2.4 Movable guide vane (mixed and movable propeller turbines)
5.2.5 Needle valve and deflector (Pelton and inclined jet turbines)
5.3 Trial run and control system
5.4 Operation of bearing with rated rotational speed
5.5 Emergency shutdown (zero load)
5.6 Electric protection
5.7 Overspeed test
5.8 Runaway speed test
5.9 Load rejection test
5.9.1 General requirements
5.9.2 Testing procedures
5.9.3 Measured
6 Trial run and reliability test
6.1 General rules
6.2 Temperature stability of rotating parts
6.2.1 General requirements
6.2.2 Comparison with contract guarantee value
6.3 Control system
6.3.1 Explanation
6.3.2 Operation of the unit without speeder
6.3.3 Operation of the unit with speeder
6.3.4 Operation of the unit with headwater control device
6.3.5 Operation of the unit with power control device
6.3.6 Operation of the unit with electronic load adjusting device
6.4 Measurement when testing the control system
6.5 Setting of static pressure reference mark
6.6 Coherence relationship test
7 Performance guarantee and test
7.1 General requirements
7.2 Maximum electrical power of generator under net head
7.2.1 Measuring method
7.2.2 Guarantee result and scope
7.2.3 Implementation of test
7.3 Relation of electrical power of generator with net head and turbine guide vane (or needle) opening
7.3.1 Measuring method
7.3.2 Guarantee result and scope
7.3.3 Implementation of test
7.4 Index test
7.4.1 General requirements
7.4.2 Definition
7.4.3 Guarantee application and scope
7.4.4 Implementation of test
7.5 Efficiency test carried out according to discharge measurement
7.5.1 General requirements
7.5.2 Selection of discharge measurement
7.5.3 Gruarantee application and scope
7.5.4 Implementation of test
7.6 Efficiency test carried out according to thermodynamic method
7.6.1 Principle
7.6.2 Measuring method
7.6.3 Applicable conditions
7.6.4 Implementation of test
8 Calculation, evaluation and error analysis
8.1 Calculation and evaluation
8.1.1 General rules
8.1.2 Physical, geometric and static pressure value (constant) of prototype turbine under field condition
8.1.3 Measured (variable)
8.1.4 Electrical power of generator (Pgen)
8.1.5 Mechanical power of turbine (Pt)
8.1.6 Absolute discharge (Q)
8.1.7 Relative discharge (index test) (Qix)
8.1.7.1 Measuring relative discharge according to index method
8.1.8 Gross head, static head and net head (H0/Hslal/H)
8.1.9 Absolute turbine efficiency (ηt)
8.1.10 Relative turbine efficiency (ηt,lx)
8.1.11 Plant efficiency (ηplant)
8.2 Error analysis
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 System error evaluation
8.2.3 Random error evaluation
8.2.4 Uncertainty of performance measure
9 Comparison of test result and guarantee value
9.1 Displacement of turbine characteristic
9.2 Electrical power
9.3 Efficiency
9.3.1 General requirements
9.3.2 Relative efficiency of index test
9.3.3 Absolute efficiency obtained according to discharge measurement or thermodynamic method
10 Other guarantee
10.1 Check of cavitation erosion and wear
10.1.1 Cavitation erosion guarantee
10.1.2 Measuring method of cavitation erosion
10.1.3 Comparison of cavitation erosion check result and specified guarantee value
10.1.4 Wear
10.1.5 Wear check
10.1.6 Evaluation of wear
10.2 Noise test of hydraulic generator unit
10.2.1 Measuring method
10.2.2 Acceptance criteria
10.3 Vibration test of hydraulic generator unit
10.3.1 General requirements
10.3.2 Vibration of fixed support parts
10.3.3 Relative vibration of shaft
11 Organizations of test
11.1 Test procedure
11.2 Implementation of field test
11.3 Evaluation of test result
11.4 Test report
12 Data acquisition
12.1 Data sampling
12.2 Transformation of analogue and digit (A/D)
12.3 Manual reading
Appendix A (Informative) Physical data
A.1 General description
A.2 Relation of gravity acceleration with latitude and altitude level
A.3 Water density
A.4 Air density
A.5 Mercury density
Appendix B (Normative) Marking of head definition
Appendix C Measuring methods of rotational speed and head
C.3 Pressure measuring instrument
C.3.1 Positive measuring instrument
C.3.2 Pressure sensor
C.3.3 Gravity manometer
C.3.4 Spring pressure gauge
C.3.5 Liquid column manometer
C.4 Water level measuring instrument
Appendix D (Normative) Measurement of electrical power
D.1 General description
D.1.2 Relation of electrical power of generator and guide vane opening of turbine
D.1.3 Index test (See 7.4)
D.1.4 Efficiency test
D.2 Indirect method of electrical power measurement of synchro generator
D.2.1 General description
D.2.2 Measurement of generator losses
D.2.3 Consistence of active power measured at terminal point
D.3 Indirect method of electrical power measurement of asynchronous generator
D.4 Direct method of electrical power measuring (axial force moment of turbine)
D.5 Losses of generator
Appendix E (Normative) Measuring methods of discharge
E.1 General description
E.1.1 Selection of measuring method
E.1.2 Stability of water flow
E.1.3 Leak penetration and diverging
E.2 Current meter discharge measurement
E.2.1 Current method
E.2.2 Flow measurement of open channel
E.2.3 Flow measurement of round closed pipe
E.2.4 Discharge calculation
E.3 Pressure-time method (Gibson method)
E.3.1 Method principle
E.3.2 Operating conditions
E.3.3 Implementation of method
E.4 Weir method
E.4.1 Measuring principle
E.4.2 Measuring device
E.4.3 Installation condition
E.4.4 Height measurement of overflow layer
E.4.5 Discharge calculation formula
E.5 Pitot tube method
E.5.1 General description
E.5.2 Standard static pressure pitot tube
E.5.3 Nonstandard pitot tube
E.6 Volumetric method
E.7 Acoustic method
E.7.1 Method principle
E.7.2 Operating conditions
E.7.3 Implementation of acoustic method in round pipe
E.7.4 Acoustic hydrometry of small hydro turbines
E.8 Electromagnetic flowmeter
E.8.1 General description
E.8.2 Principle and basical formula
E.8.3 Application conditions
Appendix F (Normative) Efficiency test
F.1 General description
F.2 Efficiency test (absolute discharge method)
F.2.1 General description
F.2.2 Test process
F.3 Thermodynamic method of efficiency test
F.3.1 General description
F.3.2 Test process
