GB/T 41100-2021 Earth-moving machinery and rough-terrain variable-reach trucks—Design requirements for machines intended to be driven on road (English Version)
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for driver-seated, ride-on earth-moving machines as defined in ISO 6165 and rough terrain telescopic forklifts as defined in GB/T 35205.1 when they are expected to be driven on the road.
This document specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce the risk of significant hazards, hazardous situations and dangerous events when these machines are operated on the road.
This document does not apply to the following situations:
Machines on outriggers, e.g. walk-behind excavators;
Hazardous user requirements associated with driver-operated (driver-operated or non-driver-operated) or remote-controlled earth-moving machines / rough terrain telescopic forklifts, including training, operating permits and machine licensing taxes;
Local usage restrictions, such as road/bridge capacity;
Environmental requirements, such as engine emissions, noise refrigerants or recyclability. Note: More stringent national standards or other regulations may apply.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this document by means of normative references in the text, where, for dated references, only the version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendment sheets) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 25606 - 2010 Earth moving machinery Product identification code system (ISO 10261: 2002, IDT)
ISO 3287 Powered industrial trucks - Symbols for operator controls and other displays
ISO 3450:2011 Earth moving machinery - Braking systems for wheeled or high-speed rubber tracked machines - Performance requirements and test methods
ISO 3457 Earth moving machinery - Guards - Definitions and requirements
ISO 5006 Earth moving machinery - Operator's field of view - Test method and performance criteria
ISO 5010 Earth moving machinery - Rubber tyred machines - Steering requirements
3 Terms and definitions
The terms defined in ISO 6165, ISO 10896-1 and ISO 12100 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
4 Safety requirements and protective measures
4.1 General rules
Machines intended for road use shall comply with the requirements and protective measures of this document.
Provided that no modifications are required by this document, the general safety requirements in ISO 20474 or ISO 10896-1, as applicable, shall be followed.
4.2 Dimensions and quality
4.2.1 General
Machines designed and assembled in accordance with the requirements of 4.2.2 to 4.2.6 for size and quality may be roadworthy.
Note 1: Dimensions and masses are widely accepted, but in some cases may be subject to severe national and local restrictions.
Note 2: Machines with dimensions and masses exceeding those specified in 4.2.2 to 4.2.6 may be considered as abnormal for transport and must comply with special use permits not covered in this document. ISO 6016 specifies the test methods for mass. Unless specifically designed to carry loads on the road (e.g. tipper), the mass of the machine does not include any loads other than attachments, tools and working devices required for the intended operation.
Machine dimensions shall be measured in accordance with the requirements of ISO 6746-1 and ISO 6746-2.
The dimensions and mass of the machine shall be assessed by means of the working and attachment devices in the transport configuration specified by the manufacturer.
4.2.2 Maximum mass The maximum mass of a machine travelling on the road shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 1.
4.3 Speed
The maximum speed shall be verified in accordance with ISO 6014. the permissible speed tolerance is +10% or +3 km/h (whichever is less). The test shall be carried out with the largest size tyre at the manufacturer's specified cold tyre inflation pressure and under the lightest running conditions of the machine.
Machines equipped with one or more smooth steel wheels (rollers) shall be limited to a maximum design speed of 16 km/h. If the intended operation is set to be completed at a higher speed, a means shall be provided to avoid the machine travelling at speeds in excess of 16 km/h on the road (e.g. specific road travel mode setting).
Note: The speed of machines with smooth steel wheels may be subject to local use restrictions not covered in this document.
4.3.1 Speed markings
Machines shall be specified (e.g. attachment points) for the installation of speed marker signs, low speed vehicle signage, or communication speed markers or equipment required by national regulations. It is recommended that a mounting space of 365 mm in width and 350 mm in height (low speed vehicle signage dimensions) be provided. Refer to ISO 12509 for installation.
Note: More than one marker may be required (e.g.; speed marker sign and low speed vehicle signage).
4.4 Road protection
The machine shall meet the requirements of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 in order to reduce the risk of road damage.
4.4.1 Tyres and wheeled vehicles
Tyres shall be compatible with the machine's axle load and design speed and shall be marked with the name of the manufacturer (of the tyres), the load index and the speed rating. Tyres may be pneumatic or solid. Pneumatic tyres may be foam-filled (to prevent loss of stability in the event of puncture or rupture) or filled with a liquid pressure stabiliser.
In cases where the speed rating of the tyres fitted does not match the maximum speed of the machine (e.g. low speed high capacity tyres for the intended operation, or where the manufacturer allows the use of foam-filled or liquid stabilizers), the driver may be provided with the maximum permissible speed of the tyres fitted.
Note: The load index and speed rating data can be determined by ISO 4250, the European Organisation of Tyre and Wheel Technology or the Tyre and Wheel Association Standards Manual. Steel wheeled vehicles or steel wheels (e.g. road rollers) are permitted to be driven on roads provided they do not have any tread pattern.
4.4.2 Tracks
Tracked machines shall have a tread pattern such that their static ground specific pressure is not greater than 0.8 MPa, as measured in accordance with Appendix A.
Steel-tracked machines shall have a resilient material between the ground and the tracks and be arranged so that the steel parts of the tracks do not come into contact with the road.
4.5 Dynamic stability
The operating condition of the machine on the road shall be assessed at all speeds (including maximum speed) and in turns. Control of the machine, including the use of a typical trailer (if permitted), shall be permitted when driving on the road under normal conditions as specified by the manufacturer. The suspension (e.g. suspension control), axle or wheel of the work unit or attachment can be used to improve controllability. The weight distribution of the machine in the intended driving configuration should ensure that the minimum static axle load measured on a substantially horizontal surface is 20% of the total mechanical mass on the steering axle.
NOTE:ISO 14792 and ISO 15037-2 may be used as general guidance for determining machine performance when driving on the road.
4.6 Steering systems The performance of the steering system of wheeled machines, including design speeds not greater than 20 km/h, but excluding rough terrain telescopic boom forklifts, shall be in accordance with ISO 5010. If the design speed of the machine cannot be reached by the test speed, the test shall be carried out at the maximum speed.
The performance of the steering system of the rough terrain telescopic forklift truck shall be in accordance with the applicable part of ISO 10896-1.
5 Validation requirements
It is necessary to verify that the requirements of this document have been incorporated into the design and manufacture of the machine. One or a combination of the following means of verification shall be used to assess the conformity of the machine to this document:
Measurement;
Visual inspection;
Testing of items with special requirements according to the methods specified in the referenced standards;
by assessing the content of the required documentation held by the manufacturer, such as certification of windscreens manufactured to the requirements of the standard. A report shall be established to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this document. The report shall include the following (either directly or by reference to other material):
An overall diagram of the machine and a diagram of the control circuit;
photographs (e.g. indicating the protective measures used)
detailed drawings with all calculations, test results, etc. for checking the conformity of the machine;
Results and reports relating to the referenced standards;
Driver's manual.
6 Operating instructions
The driver's manual for earth-moving machinery shall comply with ISO 6750 or ISO 10896-1:2012, Chapter 6. In addition, the manufacturer shall provide the following information:
Tools and working devices permitted to be carried by the manufacturer (see 4.16);
Identification and instructions for the use of tie-down points used to secure non-rigid parts of the machine, e.g. winches and hooks on ropes (see 4.16);
recommendations for the location of attachments and working devices when travelling on the road (see 4.2.1);
rescue and towing (hauling) procedures, if applicable (see 4.20);
Appendix A (normative) Calculation of the grounding ratio pressure for tracked machines
Bibliography
Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and protective measures
5 Validation requirements
6 Operating instructions
Appendix A (normative) Calculation of the grounding ratio pressure for tracked machines
Bibliography
GB/T 41100-2021 Earth-moving machinery and rough-terrain variable-reach trucks—Design requirements for machines intended to be driven on road (English Version)
Standard No.
GB/T 41100-2021
Status
valid
Language
English
File Format
PDF
Word Count
10000 words
Price(USD)
300.0
Implemented on
2022-7-1
Delivery
via email in 1~5 business day
Detail of GB/T 41100-2021
Standard No.
GB/T 41100-2021
English Name
Earth-moving machinery and rough-terrain variable-reach trucks—Design requirements for machines intended to be driven on road
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for driver-seated, ride-on earth-moving machines as defined in ISO 6165 and rough terrain telescopic forklifts as defined in GB/T 35205.1 when they are expected to be driven on the road.
This document specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce the risk of significant hazards, hazardous situations and dangerous events when these machines are operated on the road.
This document does not apply to the following situations:
Machines on outriggers, e.g. walk-behind excavators;
Hazardous user requirements associated with driver-operated (driver-operated or non-driver-operated) or remote-controlled earth-moving machines / rough terrain telescopic forklifts, including training, operating permits and machine licensing taxes;
Local usage restrictions, such as road/bridge capacity;
Environmental requirements, such as engine emissions, noise refrigerants or recyclability. Note: More stringent national standards or other regulations may apply.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this document by means of normative references in the text, where, for dated references, only the version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendment sheets) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 25606 - 2010 Earth moving machinery Product identification code system (ISO 10261: 2002, IDT)
ISO 3287 Powered industrial trucks - Symbols for operator controls and other displays
ISO 3450:2011 Earth moving machinery - Braking systems for wheeled or high-speed rubber tracked machines - Performance requirements and test methods
ISO 3457 Earth moving machinery - Guards - Definitions and requirements
ISO 5006 Earth moving machinery - Operator's field of view - Test method and performance criteria
ISO 5010 Earth moving machinery - Rubber tyred machines - Steering requirements
3 Terms and definitions
The terms defined in ISO 6165, ISO 10896-1 and ISO 12100 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
4 Safety requirements and protective measures
4.1 General rules
Machines intended for road use shall comply with the requirements and protective measures of this document.
Provided that no modifications are required by this document, the general safety requirements in ISO 20474 or ISO 10896-1, as applicable, shall be followed.
4.2 Dimensions and quality
4.2.1 General
Machines designed and assembled in accordance with the requirements of 4.2.2 to 4.2.6 for size and quality may be roadworthy.
Note 1: Dimensions and masses are widely accepted, but in some cases may be subject to severe national and local restrictions.
Note 2: Machines with dimensions and masses exceeding those specified in 4.2.2 to 4.2.6 may be considered as abnormal for transport and must comply with special use permits not covered in this document. ISO 6016 specifies the test methods for mass. Unless specifically designed to carry loads on the road (e.g. tipper), the mass of the machine does not include any loads other than attachments, tools and working devices required for the intended operation.
Machine dimensions shall be measured in accordance with the requirements of ISO 6746-1 and ISO 6746-2.
The dimensions and mass of the machine shall be assessed by means of the working and attachment devices in the transport configuration specified by the manufacturer.
4.2.2 Maximum mass The maximum mass of a machine travelling on the road shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 1.
4.3 Speed
The maximum speed shall be verified in accordance with ISO 6014. the permissible speed tolerance is +10% or +3 km/h (whichever is less). The test shall be carried out with the largest size tyre at the manufacturer's specified cold tyre inflation pressure and under the lightest running conditions of the machine.
Machines equipped with one or more smooth steel wheels (rollers) shall be limited to a maximum design speed of 16 km/h. If the intended operation is set to be completed at a higher speed, a means shall be provided to avoid the machine travelling at speeds in excess of 16 km/h on the road (e.g. specific road travel mode setting).
Note: The speed of machines with smooth steel wheels may be subject to local use restrictions not covered in this document.
4.3.1 Speed markings
Machines shall be specified (e.g. attachment points) for the installation of speed marker signs, low speed vehicle signage, or communication speed markers or equipment required by national regulations. It is recommended that a mounting space of 365 mm in width and 350 mm in height (low speed vehicle signage dimensions) be provided. Refer to ISO 12509 for installation.
Note: More than one marker may be required (e.g.; speed marker sign and low speed vehicle signage).
4.4 Road protection
The machine shall meet the requirements of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 in order to reduce the risk of road damage.
4.4.1 Tyres and wheeled vehicles
Tyres shall be compatible with the machine's axle load and design speed and shall be marked with the name of the manufacturer (of the tyres), the load index and the speed rating. Tyres may be pneumatic or solid. Pneumatic tyres may be foam-filled (to prevent loss of stability in the event of puncture or rupture) or filled with a liquid pressure stabiliser.
In cases where the speed rating of the tyres fitted does not match the maximum speed of the machine (e.g. low speed high capacity tyres for the intended operation, or where the manufacturer allows the use of foam-filled or liquid stabilizers), the driver may be provided with the maximum permissible speed of the tyres fitted.
Note: The load index and speed rating data can be determined by ISO 4250, the European Organisation of Tyre and Wheel Technology or the Tyre and Wheel Association Standards Manual. Steel wheeled vehicles or steel wheels (e.g. road rollers) are permitted to be driven on roads provided they do not have any tread pattern.
4.4.2 Tracks
Tracked machines shall have a tread pattern such that their static ground specific pressure is not greater than 0.8 MPa, as measured in accordance with Appendix A.
Steel-tracked machines shall have a resilient material between the ground and the tracks and be arranged so that the steel parts of the tracks do not come into contact with the road.
4.5 Dynamic stability
The operating condition of the machine on the road shall be assessed at all speeds (including maximum speed) and in turns. Control of the machine, including the use of a typical trailer (if permitted), shall be permitted when driving on the road under normal conditions as specified by the manufacturer. The suspension (e.g. suspension control), axle or wheel of the work unit or attachment can be used to improve controllability. The weight distribution of the machine in the intended driving configuration should ensure that the minimum static axle load measured on a substantially horizontal surface is 20% of the total mechanical mass on the steering axle.
NOTE:ISO 14792 and ISO 15037-2 may be used as general guidance for determining machine performance when driving on the road.
4.6 Steering systems The performance of the steering system of wheeled machines, including design speeds not greater than 20 km/h, but excluding rough terrain telescopic boom forklifts, shall be in accordance with ISO 5010. If the design speed of the machine cannot be reached by the test speed, the test shall be carried out at the maximum speed.
The performance of the steering system of the rough terrain telescopic forklift truck shall be in accordance with the applicable part of ISO 10896-1.
5 Validation requirements
It is necessary to verify that the requirements of this document have been incorporated into the design and manufacture of the machine. One or a combination of the following means of verification shall be used to assess the conformity of the machine to this document:
Measurement;
Visual inspection;
Testing of items with special requirements according to the methods specified in the referenced standards;
by assessing the content of the required documentation held by the manufacturer, such as certification of windscreens manufactured to the requirements of the standard. A report shall be established to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this document. The report shall include the following (either directly or by reference to other material):
An overall diagram of the machine and a diagram of the control circuit;
photographs (e.g. indicating the protective measures used)
detailed drawings with all calculations, test results, etc. for checking the conformity of the machine;
Results and reports relating to the referenced standards;
Driver's manual.
6 Operating instructions
The driver's manual for earth-moving machinery shall comply with ISO 6750 or ISO 10896-1:2012, Chapter 6. In addition, the manufacturer shall provide the following information:
Tools and working devices permitted to be carried by the manufacturer (see 4.16);
Identification and instructions for the use of tie-down points used to secure non-rigid parts of the machine, e.g. winches and hooks on ropes (see 4.16);
recommendations for the location of attachments and working devices when travelling on the road (see 4.2.1);
rescue and towing (hauling) procedures, if applicable (see 4.20);
Appendix A (normative) Calculation of the grounding ratio pressure for tracked machines
Bibliography
Contents of GB/T 41100-2021
Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and protective measures
5 Validation requirements
6 Operating instructions
Appendix A (normative) Calculation of the grounding ratio pressure for tracked machines
Bibliography
