1.1 This standard describes a method for determining the moisture absorption properties in the “through-the-thickness” direction of flat or curved-form solid plastics. This standard also describes methods for determining the amount of water absorbed by plastic specimens of defined dimensions, when immersed in water or when subjected to humid air under controlled conditions. The “through-the-thickness” moisture diffusion coefficient can be determined for single-phase material by assuming Fickian diffusion behaviour with constant moisture absorption properties through the thickness of the test specimen. This model is valid for homogeneous materials and for reinforced polymer-matrix composites tested below their glass transition temperature. However, some two-phase matrices such as hardened epoxies may require a multi-phase absorption model which is not covered by this standard
1.2 Ideally, the best comparison of the water absorption properties and/or diffusion coefficients of materials should be carried out only using the equilibrium moisture content of plastics exposed to identical conditions. The comparison of materials using properties at moisture equilibrium does not assume, and is therefore not limited to, single-phase Fickian diffusion behaviour.
1.3 Alternatively, water absorption of plastic specimens of defined dimensions exposed to immersion or humidity under controlled conditions but for an arbitrary time period can be used to compare different batches of the same material or for quality control tests of a given material. For this type of comparison, it is essential that all test specimens be of identical dimensions and, as nearly as possible, have the same physical attributes, e.g. surface smoothness, internal stresses, etc. However, moisture equilibrium is not reached under these conditions. Therefore, results from this type of test cannot be used to compare the water absorption properties of different types of plastics. For more reliable results, simultaneous tests are recommended.
1.4 The results obtained using the methods described in this standard are applicable to most plastics but are not applicable to cellular plastics, granulates or powders, which can show additional absorption and capillary effects. Plastics exposed to moisture under controlled conditions for defined periods of time provide relative comparisons between them. The tests described for the determination of the diffusion coefficient may not be applicable to all plastics. Plastics that do not retain their shape when immersed in boiling water should not be compared using method 2 (see 6.4).
2 Normative References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this standard, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections), or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply to this standard. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.
GB/T 11547-2008 Plastics - Methods of Test for the Determination of the Effects of Immersion in Liquid Chemicals(ISO 175:1999, IDT)
GB/T 17037.3-2003 Plastics - Injection Moulding of Test Specimens of Thermoplastic Materials - Part 3: Small Plates (ISO 294-3: 1996, IDT)
ISO 2818:1994 Plastics- Preparation of Test Specimens by Machining
3 Principle
Test specimens are immersed in distilled water at 23℃ or in boiling distilled water, or exposed to 50% relative humidity at given temperatures for prescribed periods. The amount of water absorbed by each test specimen is determined by measuring its change in mass, i.e. the difference between its initial mass and that after exposure to water, the change being expressed as a percentage of the initial mass. If required, the amount of water lost after drying the test specimens can also be determined.
In some applications, 70% to 90% relative humidity and temperatures of 70℃ to 90℃ may be necessary. Relative humidities and temperatures higher than those recommended in this standard may be used by agreement between the interested parties. When relative humidity and temperature conditions other than those recommended are used, a complete description of these conditions (with appropriate tolerances) shall be included in the test report.
Foreword i Introduction iii 1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Principle 4 Apparatus 5 Test Specimens 7 Expression of Results 8 Precision 9 Test Report Annex A (Informative) Correlation between Water Absorption by Test Specimens and Fick’s Diffusion Laws Annex B (Informative) Annex B Precision Statement in ISO 62: 2008 Annex C (Informative) Main Differences of Specimen between This Standard and GB/T 1034-1998 Bibliography
1 Scope
1.1 This standard describes a method for determining the moisture absorption properties in the “through-the-thickness” direction of flat or curved-form solid plastics. This standard also describes methods for determining the amount of water absorbed by plastic specimens of defined dimensions, when immersed in water or when subjected to humid air under controlled conditions. The “through-the-thickness” moisture diffusion coefficient can be determined for single-phase material by assuming Fickian diffusion behaviour with constant moisture absorption properties through the thickness of the test specimen. This model is valid for homogeneous materials and for reinforced polymer-matrix composites tested below their glass transition temperature. However, some two-phase matrices such as hardened epoxies may require a multi-phase absorption model which is not covered by this standard
1.2 Ideally, the best comparison of the water absorption properties and/or diffusion coefficients of materials should be carried out only using the equilibrium moisture content of plastics exposed to identical conditions. The comparison of materials using properties at moisture equilibrium does not assume, and is therefore not limited to, single-phase Fickian diffusion behaviour.
1.3 Alternatively, water absorption of plastic specimens of defined dimensions exposed to immersion or humidity under controlled conditions but for an arbitrary time period can be used to compare different batches of the same material or for quality control tests of a given material. For this type of comparison, it is essential that all test specimens be of identical dimensions and, as nearly as possible, have the same physical attributes, e.g. surface smoothness, internal stresses, etc. However, moisture equilibrium is not reached under these conditions. Therefore, results from this type of test cannot be used to compare the water absorption properties of different types of plastics. For more reliable results, simultaneous tests are recommended.
1.4 The results obtained using the methods described in this standard are applicable to most plastics but are not applicable to cellular plastics, granulates or powders, which can show additional absorption and capillary effects. Plastics exposed to moisture under controlled conditions for defined periods of time provide relative comparisons between them. The tests described for the determination of the diffusion coefficient may not be applicable to all plastics. Plastics that do not retain their shape when immersed in boiling water should not be compared using method 2 (see 6.4).
2 Normative References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this standard, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections), or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply to this standard. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.
GB/T 11547-2008 Plastics - Methods of Test for the Determination of the Effects of Immersion in Liquid Chemicals(ISO 175:1999, IDT)
GB/T 17037.3-2003 Plastics - Injection Moulding of Test Specimens of Thermoplastic Materials - Part 3: Small Plates (ISO 294-3: 1996, IDT)
ISO 2818:1994 Plastics- Preparation of Test Specimens by Machining
3 Principle
Test specimens are immersed in distilled water at 23℃ or in boiling distilled water, or exposed to 50% relative humidity at given temperatures for prescribed periods. The amount of water absorbed by each test specimen is determined by measuring its change in mass, i.e. the difference between its initial mass and that after exposure to water, the change being expressed as a percentage of the initial mass. If required, the amount of water lost after drying the test specimens can also be determined.
In some applications, 70% to 90% relative humidity and temperatures of 70℃ to 90℃ may be necessary. Relative humidities and temperatures higher than those recommended in this standard may be used by agreement between the interested parties. When relative humidity and temperature conditions other than those recommended are used, a complete description of these conditions (with appropriate tolerances) shall be included in the test report.
Contents of GB/T 1034-2008
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Principle
4 Apparatus
5 Test Specimens
7 Expression of Results
8 Precision
9 Test Report
Annex A (Informative) Correlation between Water Absorption by Test Specimens and Fick’s Diffusion Laws
Annex B (Informative) Annex B Precision Statement in ISO 62: 2008
Annex C (Informative) Main Differences of Specimen between This Standard and GB/T 1034-1998
Bibliography
