1 Scope
This standard specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
This standard is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.
This standard applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines IEC 61400-2 may be applied.
This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC, ISO and Chinese standards mentioned in Chapter 2.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 4662-2003 Rolling Bearings - Static Load Ratings (ISO 76: 1987)
GB 5226.3-2005 Safety of Machinery - Electrical Equipment of Machines - Part 11: Requirements for HV Equipment for Voltages Above 1,000V a.c. or 1,500V d.c. and Not Exceeding 36kV (IEC 60204-11: 2000)
GB 16895.3- 2004 Electrical Installations of Buildings - Part 5-54: Selection and Erection of Electrical Equipment - Earthing Arrangements, Protective Conductors and Protective Bonding Conductors (IEC 60364-5-54: 2002)
GB/T 17799.1-1999 Electromagnetic Compatibility - Generic Standards - Immunity for Residential, Commercial and Light-industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-1: 1997)
GB 17799.2-2003 Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic standars - Immunity for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2: 1999)
GB 17799.4-2001 Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic Standards - Emission standard for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-4: 1997)
GB/T 19001-2008 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001: 2008)
GB/T 19271.1-2003 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 1: General principles (IEC 61312-1: 1995)
GB/T 20320-2006 Measurement and assessment of Power quality characteristics of Wind turbine generator system (IEC 61400-21: 2001)
IEC 60204-1: 1997 Safety of Machinery - Electrical Equipment of Machines - Part 1: General Requirements
IEC 60364 (all parts) Electrical Installations of Buildings
IEC 60721-2-1: 2002 Classification of Environmental Conditions - Part 2: Environmental Conditions Appearing in Nature - Temperature and Humidity
IEC 61024-1: 1990 Protection of Structures against Lightning - Part 1: General Principles
IEC 61400-24: 2002 Wind Turbine Generator Systems - Part 24: Lightning Protection
ISO 281: 1990 Rolling Bearings - Dynamic Load Ratings and Rating Life
ISO 2394: 1998 General Principles on Reliability for Structures
ISO 2533: 1975 Standard Atmosphere
ISO 4354: 2009 Wind Actions on Structures
ISO 6336 (all parts) Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears
3 Terminologies and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terminologies and definitions apply.
3.1
Annual average
Mean value of a set of measured data of sufficient size and duration to serve as an estimate of the expected value of the quantity. The averaging time interval should be a whole number of years to average out non-stationary effects such as seasonality.
3.2
Annual average wind speed (Vave)
Wind speed averaged according to the definition of annual average
3.3
Auto-reclosing cycle
Event with a time period, varying from approximately 0.01 s to a few seconds, during which a breaker released after a grid fault is automatically reclosed and the line is reconnected to the network.
3.4
Blocking (wind turbines)
Use of a mechanical pin or other device (other than the ordinary mechanical brake) that cannot be released accidentally to prevent movement, for instance of the rotor shaft or yaw mechanism.
3.5
Brake (wind turbines)
Device capable of reducing the rotor speed or stopping rotation.
Note: the brake may operate on, for example, aerodynamic, mechanical or electrical principles.
3.6
Characteristic value
Value having a prescribed probability of not being attained (i.e. an exceedance probability of less than or equal to a prescribed amount).
3.7
Complex terrain
Surrounding terrain that features significant variations in topography and terrain obstacles that may cause flow distortion.
3.8
Control functions (wind turbines)
Functions of the control and protection system that based on information about the condition of the wind turbine and/or its environment, adjust the turbine in order to maintain it within its operating limits.
3.9
Cut-in wind speed (Vin)
Lowest wind speed at hub height at which the wind turbine starts to produce power in the case of steady wind without turbulence.
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terminologies and Definitions
4 Symbols and Abbreviated Terms
4.1 Symbols and Units
4.2 Abbreviations
5 Principal Elements
5.1 General
5.2 Design Methods
5.3 Safety Classes
5.4 Quality Assurance
5.5 Wind Turbine Markings
6 External Conditions
6.1 General
6.2 Wind Turbine Classes
6.3 Wind Conditions
6.4 Other Environmental Conditions
6.5 Electrical Power Network Conditions
7 Structural Design
7.1 General
7.2 Design Methodology
7.3 Loads
7.4 Design Situations and Load Cases
7.5 Load Calculations
7.6 Ultimate Limit State Analysis
8 Control and Protection System
8.1 General
8.2 Control Functions
8.3 Protection Functions
8.4 Braking System
9 Mechanical Systems
9.1 General
9.2 Error Proofing Design
9.3 Hydraulic or Pneumatic Systems
9.4 Main Gearbox
9.5 Yaw System
9.6 Pitch System
9.7 Protection Function of Mechanical Brakes
9.8 Rolling Bearings
10 Electrical System
10.1 General
10.2 General Requirements for the Electrical System
10.3 Protective Devices
10.4 Disconnect Devices
10.5 Earth System
10.6 Lightning Protection
10.7 Electrical Cables
10.8 Self-excitation
10.9 Protection against Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse
10.10 Power Quality
10.11 Electromagnetic Eompatibility
11 Assessment of a Wind Turbine for Site-specific Conditions
11.1 General
11.2 Assessment of the Topographical Complexity of the Site
11.3 Wind Conditions Required for Assessment
11.4 Assessment of Wake Effects from Neighbouring Wind Turbines
11.5 Assessment of Other Environmental Conditions
11.6 Assessment of Earthquake Conditions
11.7 Assessment of Electrical Network Conditions
11.8 Assessment of Soil Conditions
11.9 Assessment of Structural Integrity by Reference to Wind Data
11.10 Assessment of Structural Integrity by Load Calculations with Reference to Site Specific Conditions
12 Assembly, Installation and Erection
12.1 General
12.2 Planning
12.3 Installation Conditions
12.4 Site Access
12.5 Environmental Conditions
12.6 Documentation
12.7 Receiving, Handling and Storage
12.8 Foundation/Anchor Systems
12.9 Assembly of Wind Turbine
12.10 Erection of Sind Turbine
12.11 Fasteners and Attachments
12.12 Cranes, Hoists and Lifting Equipment
13 Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance
13.1 General
13.2 Design Requirements for Safe Operation, Inspection and Maintenance
13.3 Instructions Concerning Commissioning
13.4 Operator’s Instruction Manual
13.5 Maintenance Manual
Appendix A (Normative) Design Parameters for Describing Wind Turbine Class S
Appendix B (Informative) Turbulence Models
Appendix C (Informative) Assessment of Earthquake Loading
Appendix D (Informative) Wake and Wind Farm Turbulence
Appendix E (Informative) Prediction of Wind Distribution for Wind Turbine Sites by Measure-correlate-predict (MCP) Methods
Appendix F (Informative) Statistical Extrapolation of Loads for Ultimate Strength Analysis
Appendix G (Informative) Fatigue Analysis Using Miner’s Rule with Load Extrapolation
Bibliography
1 Scope
This standard specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
This standard is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.
This standard applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines IEC 61400-2 may be applied.
This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC, ISO and Chinese standards mentioned in Chapter 2.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 4662-2003 Rolling Bearings - Static Load Ratings (ISO 76: 1987)
GB 5226.3-2005 Safety of Machinery - Electrical Equipment of Machines - Part 11: Requirements for HV Equipment for Voltages Above 1,000V a.c. or 1,500V d.c. and Not Exceeding 36kV (IEC 60204-11: 2000)
GB 16895.3- 2004 Electrical Installations of Buildings - Part 5-54: Selection and Erection of Electrical Equipment - Earthing Arrangements, Protective Conductors and Protective Bonding Conductors (IEC 60364-5-54: 2002)
GB/T 17799.1-1999 Electromagnetic Compatibility - Generic Standards - Immunity for Residential, Commercial and Light-industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-1: 1997)
GB 17799.2-2003 Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic standars - Immunity for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2: 1999)
GB 17799.4-2001 Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic Standards - Emission standard for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-4: 1997)
GB/T 19001-2008 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001: 2008)
GB/T 19271.1-2003 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 1: General principles (IEC 61312-1: 1995)
GB/T 20320-2006 Measurement and assessment of Power quality characteristics of Wind turbine generator system (IEC 61400-21: 2001)
IEC 60204-1: 1997 Safety of Machinery - Electrical Equipment of Machines - Part 1: General Requirements
IEC 60364 (all parts) Electrical Installations of Buildings
IEC 60721-2-1: 2002 Classification of Environmental Conditions - Part 2: Environmental Conditions Appearing in Nature - Temperature and Humidity
IEC 61024-1: 1990 Protection of Structures against Lightning - Part 1: General Principles
IEC 61400-24: 2002 Wind Turbine Generator Systems - Part 24: Lightning Protection
ISO 281: 1990 Rolling Bearings - Dynamic Load Ratings and Rating Life
ISO 2394: 1998 General Principles on Reliability for Structures
ISO 2533: 1975 Standard Atmosphere
ISO 4354: 2009 Wind Actions on Structures
ISO 6336 (all parts) Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears
3 Terminologies and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terminologies and definitions apply.
3.1
Annual average
Mean value of a set of measured data of sufficient size and duration to serve as an estimate of the expected value of the quantity. The averaging time interval should be a whole number of years to average out non-stationary effects such as seasonality.
3.2
Annual average wind speed (Vave)
Wind speed averaged according to the definition of annual average
3.3
Auto-reclosing cycle
Event with a time period, varying from approximately 0.01 s to a few seconds, during which a breaker released after a grid fault is automatically reclosed and the line is reconnected to the network.
3.4
Blocking (wind turbines)
Use of a mechanical pin or other device (other than the ordinary mechanical brake) that cannot be released accidentally to prevent movement, for instance of the rotor shaft or yaw mechanism.
3.5
Brake (wind turbines)
Device capable of reducing the rotor speed or stopping rotation.
Note: the brake may operate on, for example, aerodynamic, mechanical or electrical principles.
3.6
Characteristic value
Value having a prescribed probability of not being attained (i.e. an exceedance probability of less than or equal to a prescribed amount).
3.7
Complex terrain
Surrounding terrain that features significant variations in topography and terrain obstacles that may cause flow distortion.
3.8
Control functions (wind turbines)
Functions of the control and protection system that based on information about the condition of the wind turbine and/or its environment, adjust the turbine in order to maintain it within its operating limits.
3.9
Cut-in wind speed (Vin)
Lowest wind speed at hub height at which the wind turbine starts to produce power in the case of steady wind without turbulence.
Contents of GB/T 18451.1-2012
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terminologies and Definitions
4 Symbols and Abbreviated Terms
4.1 Symbols and Units
4.2 Abbreviations
5 Principal Elements
5.1 General
5.2 Design Methods
5.3 Safety Classes
5.4 Quality Assurance
5.5 Wind Turbine Markings
6 External Conditions
6.1 General
6.2 Wind Turbine Classes
6.3 Wind Conditions
6.4 Other Environmental Conditions
6.5 Electrical Power Network Conditions
7 Structural Design
7.1 General
7.2 Design Methodology
7.3 Loads
7.4 Design Situations and Load Cases
7.5 Load Calculations
7.6 Ultimate Limit State Analysis
8 Control and Protection System
8.1 General
8.2 Control Functions
8.3 Protection Functions
8.4 Braking System
9 Mechanical Systems
9.1 General
9.2 Error Proofing Design
9.3 Hydraulic or Pneumatic Systems
9.4 Main Gearbox
9.5 Yaw System
9.6 Pitch System
9.7 Protection Function of Mechanical Brakes
9.8 Rolling Bearings
10 Electrical System
10.1 General
10.2 General Requirements for the Electrical System
10.3 Protective Devices
10.4 Disconnect Devices
10.5 Earth System
10.6 Lightning Protection
10.7 Electrical Cables
10.8 Self-excitation
10.9 Protection against Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse
10.10 Power Quality
10.11 Electromagnetic Eompatibility
11 Assessment of a Wind Turbine for Site-specific Conditions
11.1 General
11.2 Assessment of the Topographical Complexity of the Site
11.3 Wind Conditions Required for Assessment
11.4 Assessment of Wake Effects from Neighbouring Wind Turbines
11.5 Assessment of Other Environmental Conditions
11.6 Assessment of Earthquake Conditions
11.7 Assessment of Electrical Network Conditions
11.8 Assessment of Soil Conditions
11.9 Assessment of Structural Integrity by Reference to Wind Data
11.10 Assessment of Structural Integrity by Load Calculations with Reference to Site Specific Conditions
12 Assembly, Installation and Erection
12.1 General
12.2 Planning
12.3 Installation Conditions
12.4 Site Access
12.5 Environmental Conditions
12.6 Documentation
12.7 Receiving, Handling and Storage
12.8 Foundation/Anchor Systems
12.9 Assembly of Wind Turbine
12.10 Erection of Sind Turbine
12.11 Fasteners and Attachments
12.12 Cranes, Hoists and Lifting Equipment
13 Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance
13.1 General
13.2 Design Requirements for Safe Operation, Inspection and Maintenance
13.3 Instructions Concerning Commissioning
13.4 Operator’s Instruction Manual
13.5 Maintenance Manual
Appendix A (Normative) Design Parameters for Describing Wind Turbine Class S
Appendix B (Informative) Turbulence Models
Appendix C (Informative) Assessment of Earthquake Loading
Appendix D (Informative) Wake and Wind Farm Turbulence
Appendix E (Informative) Prediction of Wind Distribution for Wind Turbine Sites by Measure-correlate-predict (MCP) Methods
Appendix F (Informative) Statistical Extrapolation of Loads for Ultimate Strength Analysis
Appendix G (Informative) Fatigue Analysis Using Miner’s Rule with Load Extrapolation
Bibliography
