Standard No.:	GB 7956.12-2015
English Name:	Fire fighting vehicles―Part 12:Aerial fire fighting vehicle
Chinese Name:	消防车 第12部分：举高消防车
Chinese Classification:	C84    Fire-fighting equipment and devices
Professional Classification:	GB    National Standard
ICS Classification:	13.220.10 13.220.10    Fire-fighting 13.220.10
Issued by:	AQSIQ; SAC
Issued on:	2015-10-09
Implemented on:	2016-1-1
Status:	valid
Language:	English
File Format:	PDF
Word Count:	19000 words
Price(USD):	470.0
Delivery:	via email in 1 business day

Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative. As for this part of GB 7956, Chapters 4 (except 4.4.2.3.4), 6 and Section 7.1 are mandatory, and the rest are recommendatory. The GB 7956 Fire Fighting Vehicles consists of the following parts under the general title Fire Fighting Vehicles: ——Part 1: General Technical Specifications; ——Part 2: Water tank fire fighting vehicle ——Part 3: Foam fire fighting vehicle ——Part 4: Dry Powder Fire Fighting Vehicle ——Part 5: Gas Fire Fighting Vehicle ——Part 6: Compressed air foam system fire fighting vehicle ——Part 12: Aerial fire fighting vehicle This part is Part 12 of GB 7956. This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This part was proposed by the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China. This standard was prepared by SAC/TC 113/SC 4 Fire Fighting Vehicle and Pump Subcommittee of National Technical Committee on Fire Protection of Standardization Administration of China. Fire Fighting Vehicles - Part 12: Aerial Fire Fighting Vehicle 1 Scope This part of GB 7956 specifies terms and definitions, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules as well as marking, packaging, transport and storage of aerial fire fighting vehicle. This part is applicable to various aerial fire fighting vehicles. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 3181 Colour Standard for Paint Film GB 4351.1-2005 Portable Fire Extinguishers - Part 1: Performance and Construction GB 6245 Fire Pumps GB 7956.1-2014 Fire Fighting Vehicles - Part 1: General Technical Specifications GB 15052-2010 Cranes - Safety Signs and Hazard Pictorials - General Principles GB 19156 General Specifications for Fire Monitors GB 19157 General Specification for Remote-controlled Fire Monitor Systems GA 494-2004 Fire Service Fall Protection Equipment 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB 7956.1-2014 and the following apply. For the convenience of application, some terms and definitions specified in GB 7956.1-2014 are listed below. 3.1 aerial fire fighting vehicle fire fighting vehicle mainly equipped with elevating boom, slewing mechanism, etc. and used for high-altitude fire fighting and rescue as well as goods, materials and fire fighter transmission. Generally, it is classified into platform fire fighting vehicle, aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle and water tower fire fighting vehicle 3.2 platform fire fighting vehicle fire fighting vehicle mainly equipped with crank arm, straight-crank arm and rescue cage, and able to transmit fire fighter and fire extinguishing goods and materials to high altitude, rescue trapped person or spray fire extinguishing agent [definition 3.2.1 in GB 7956.1-2014] 3.3 aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle fire fighting vehicle mainly equipped with extension aerial ladder, able to transmit fire fighter and fire extinguishing goods and materials to high altitude, rescue trapped person or spray fire extinguishing agent [definition 3.2.2 in GB 7956.1-2014] 3.4 water tower fire fighting vehicle fire fighting vehicle mainly equipped with straight arm, crank arm, straight-crank arm and liquid feed pipe, with fire monitor or forcible entry device installed at top, able to spray fire extinguishing agent at high altitude or carry out forcible entry [definition 3.2.3 in GB 7956.1-2014] 3.5 boom ladder foldable or retractable multi-level steel structure frame on aerial fire fighting vehicle, used for bearing rescue cage load, fire monitor spraying counterforce and forcible entry counterforce 3.6 Stabilizer retractable steel structural member used for supporting aerial fire fighting vehicle 3.7 rescue cage steel structural member composed of base plate and fence which is installed at boom (ladder) top of aerial fire fighting vehicle and used for bearing personnel or articles 3.8 sub-frame the part connecting the chassis beam on the aerial fire fighting vehicle and used for bearing steel structure frame installed on the aerial fire fighting vehicle 3.9 turntable platform on aerial fire fighting vehicle with one end equipped with boom (ladder) and the other end connected to sub-frame, which is capable of continuously revolving by 360° 3.10 safety operating range moving region where boom (ladder) of aerial fire fighting vehicle may operate safely 3.11 leveling system system on aerial fire fighting vehicle which is used for adjusting the levelness of turntable and rescue cage base plates so that it keeps parallel to the horizontal plane 3.12 maximum operating height perpendicular distance from foot position of rescue cage to ground surface when the rescue cage of aerial fire fighting vehicle is under no-load condition and the boom (ladder) is at the maximum height; in case there is no rescue cage, the perpendicular distance from top to ground surface when the boom (ladder) is at the maximum operating height 3.13 maximum operating amplitude horizontal projection distance from the farthest end of rescue cage to boom (ladder) turntable center when the rescue cage of aerial fire fighting vehicle is under no-load condition and the boom (ladder) is extended laterad to limit position; in case there is no rescue cage, horizontal projection distance from boom (ladder) top to turntable center 3.14 transverse/longitudinal span of stabilizer when the stabilizer of aerial fire fighting vehicle extends outward to the limit position and is leveled, the center distance of the ground planes of the two stabilizers in the longitudinal axis direction is stabilizer longitudinal span and that in the direction perpendicular to longitudinal axis direction is stabilizer transverse span. 3.15 hydraulic system system composed of hydraulic power element, actuator, hydraulic control element and hydraulic auxiliary device and controlling the operation of such components as boom (ladder), stabilizer of aerial fire fighting vehicle by making use of pressure energy of oil liquid and through accessories like control valve 3.16 electronic control system system composed of switch, relay, proximity switch, displayer, control unit, alarm system, etc. and used for controlling operation of such components as boom (ladder) and stabilizer of aerial fire fighting vehicle 3.17 emergency operating device device used for controlling the operation of stabilizer, boom (ladder) and rescue cage of aerial fire fighting vehicle in emergency state 3.18 lift movable lifting platform installed on ladder of aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle and used for rapid transit between ladder top and ground surface. 3.19 forcible entry device device installed on boom of aerial fire fighting vehicle and able to carry out forcible entry in allusion to building, etc. 4 Technical Requirements 4.1 Basic Requirements Aerial fire fighting vehicle shall comply with the general technical requirements in GB 7956.1-2014 and the requirements of this part. 4.2 Complete Vehicle Requirements 4.2.1 General requirements 4.2.1.1 Volume of fuel tank of aerial fire fighting vehicle shall ensure that after running 100 km, the fire fighting vehicle is able to complete 50 operation cycles. 4.2.1.2 As for audible and visual alarm, the sound at the operating positions of turntable and rescue cage is not less than 90 dB(A), the light shall flicker and ensure it can be seen at operating positions of turntable and rescue cage. 4.2.1.3 The item controlled by aerial fire fighting vehicle at rescue cage operating platform shall be the same as that controlled at turntable operating platform, and the operating method and display mode shall also be consistent; while the operation at turntable shall have precedence over that at rescue cage. 4.2.1.4 Intercom system, which does not require hand-held operation, shall be arranged at turntable operating platform and in rescue cage of aerial fire fighting vehicle. 4.2.1.5 Connection and disconnection of hydraulic oil pump of aerial fire fighting vehicle shall be carried out in the cab of fire fighting vehicle; after connection of oil pump, there shall be light indication on operating platform of turntable; and it is the same with water pump connection. 4.2.1.6 Aerial fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height not less than 50m and equipped with firefighting sprayers shall be equipped with booster fire pump. 4.2.1.7 Firefighting gloves may be worn to operate stabilizer and boom (ladder) of aerial fire fighting vehicle. 4.2.1.8 As for aerial fire fighting vehicle, control of fire monitor, speed adjustment of fire pump and control of boom (ladder) shall be integrated in one place. 4.2.1.9 All components of aerial fire fighting vehicle shall not cover the front windshield glass. 4.2.1.10 As for the aerial fire fighting vehicle, the maximum operating height shall be greater than 15 m and the revolution angle of boom (ladder) shall be greater than 90°. 4.2.2 Operating instructions and mark 4.2.2.1 Detailed illustration or literal operating instructions and warning specifications shall be arranged at operating platform of stabilizer, rescue cage and turntable of aerial fire fighting vehicle visible for the operation personnel. 4.2.2.2 Operation and warning specifications for different operation places shall be distinguished by using fonts with different color or different size. Warning mark with the color meeting those specified in Clause 9 of GB 15052-2010 and font size legible and readable by operation personnel shall be arranged for operations possibly resulting in serious consequences. Corresponding warning specifications shall be arranged at retractable stabilizer outer end, cat ladder of lower- and upper-vehicles, fire monitor operation place, remote operation place and forced operation place. 4.2.3 Hydraulic system 4.2.3.1 Hydraulic oil tank volume of aerial fire fighting vehicle shall ensure the aerial fire fighting vehicle is able to continuously complete 50 operation cycles, and the temperature of hydraulic oil in the oil tank shall not be greater than 90℃. There shall be no boom (ladder) quiver, creeping or blocking due to overhigh oil temperature, and the hydraulic elements and components shall be free from oil leakage, oil penetration or damage. 4.2.3.2 There shall be indication of hydraulic system working pressure of boom (ladder) on the turntable operating platform; and there shall be indication of hydraulic system working pressure of stabilizer at the place for stabilizer operation. 4.2.3.3 Overflow valve shall be respectively arranged for hydraulic systems for stabilizer, boom (ladder), etc. of aerial fire fighting vehicle. 4.2.3.4 Nameplate indicating hydraulic oil model, operating temperature range, capacity, recommended replacement period and precautions for hydraulic oil replacement shall be arranged nearby the hydraulic oil tank of aerial fire fighting vehicle. Nameplate shall be arranged where is nearby hydraulic oil tank and convenient for reading. Device indicating liquid level and temperature of hydraulic oil in hydraulic oil tank shall be arranged. Replaceable air filter shall be arranged at hydraulic oil tank vent. 4.2.3.5 At least two replaceable hydraulic oil filters shall be arranged for hydraulic system of aerial fire fighting vehicle; the hydraulic oil flow of oil filter shall be able to meet the requirements of aerial fire fighting vehicle on hydraulic oil flow. Nameplate indicating oil filter model and recommended replacement period of oil filter shall be arranged at a visible place nearby the oil filter. 4.2.3.6 Turntable operating platform and rescue cage operating platform shall possess foot switch; when the foot switch is opened and, meanwhile, the hydraulic system operating valve is manipulated, the engine speed shall automatically response and be adjusted to be within the working speed range of hydraulic oil pump, and the hydraulic system shall act correspondingly. If the switch is not opened, the hydraulic system shall not response during hydraulic system operating valve manipulation. When fire pump and hydraulic pump are working simultaneously, the requirements of fire pump on rotation speed shall be met preferentially. 4.2.4 Safety requirements 4.2.4.1 Aerial fire fighting vehicle shall possess the function of interlocking of lower- and upper-vehicles; the boom (ladder) cannot move before the stabilizer is extended and leveled and supported reliably; before boom (ladder) retracts to the support bracket, the stabilizer of lower-vehicle cannot retract. Interlock function of lower- and upper-vehicles shall be realized automatically. 4.2.4.2 During moving process of boom (ladder), in case any stabilizer is not subjected to force, there shall be audible and visual alarm signal, and the boom (ladder) cannot continue moving in the hazardous direction but can move in safe direction. 4.2.4.3 In case the stabilizer of aerial fire fighting vehicle may stretch for working on single side, the boom (ladder) can only move on the side on which stabilizer stretches and the action on the other side shall be automatically prohibited. In case the stabilizers on both sides may partially stretch for working, the safety system shall automatically limit the actions of the boom (ladder) within safety range. 4.2.4.4 Add 1.1 times of rated load in rescue cage of aerial fire fighting vehicle; when the boom (ladder) acts within the safety operating range, one stabilizer is allowed to leave the ground with the distance away from ground less than 20mm. After the stabilizers bear load, the sum of residual loads of the two stabilizers shall not be less than 6% of the complete vehicle kerb mass, the water tower fire fighting vehicle shall be at the maximum operating height, and the fire monitor under the jetting condition with rated flow and pressure level shall comply with the above-mentioned requirements. 4.2.4.5 Aerial fire fighting vehicle shall level stabilizer or turntable with the regulation range not less than 5° and leveling accuracy error not exceeding ±1°. Automatic leveling shall be adopted for water tower fire fighting vehicle with rescue cage or with maximum operating height not less than 30 m. 4.2.4.6 In case of failure of hydraulic system or power unit after boom (ladder) is lifted, boom (ladder), stabilizer and lift shall be able to be latched and the falling distance of boom (ladder) or lift shall not exceed 300mm. 4.2.4.7 The safety coefficient for pulling the rigging like steel cable, chain, etc. of boom (ladder) shall not be less than 5, and that for other rigging shall not be less than 2. 4.2.4.8 Operating platform of aerial fire fighting vehicle shall not be equipped with device that directly adjust the parameters of hydraulic or electrical system. The places for parameter adjustment can only be opened with special tools and shall be with warning specifications whose color meets the requirements of Clause 9 in GB 15052-2010 and content contains the text "adjustment ought to be implemented by experienced personnel" with font size enabling operation personnel to read easily. 4.2.5 Special requirements 4.2.5.1 Platform fire fighting vehicle 4.2.5.1.1 For platform fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height not greater than 35 m, the duration for its boom lifting from driving position to the maximum operating height and rotating by 90° shall be less than 150s. For platform fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height greater than 35 m but not greater than 70 m, such duration shall increase by 40 s for each 10 m of the part exceeding 35 m. For platform fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height greater than 70 m, such duration shall increase by 100 s for each 10 m of the part exceeding 70 m, in case the length of the part exceeding 70m is less than 10m, the value of such length shall be rounded off. 4.2.5.1.2 The duration for stabilizer extending, supporting and being leveled shall not be greater than 50 s. 4.2.5.1.3 The area of rescue cage of platform fire fighting vehicle shall be greater than 1.5m2. 4.2.5.1.4 As for platform fire fighting vehicle with the rescue cage monitor not spraying water, the rated load of its rescue cage shall not be less than 270kg. 4.2.5.1.5 If lateral cat ladder is arranged for platform fire fighting vehicle, auxiliary ladder able of ensuring the personnel arrive at ground surface safely shall be arranged; there shall be transitive ladder section connecting rescue cage on the top of crawling ladder. 4.2.5.1.6 If lateral cat ladder is arranged for platform fire fighting vehicle, lighting device shall be arranged for it; the maximum load bearing capacity (number of people) of cat ladder shall be indicated at the turntable operation place; the crawling ladder strength shall be able to ensure it is free from permanent deformation or damage when it bears the maximum load (the maximum quantity of people).As for the ladder step, the length shall be greater than 400mm, the spacing shall be less than 350 mm, and the surface shall be antiskid with the anti-skid surface length greater than 60% the length of the ladder step. There shall be handrail on the side of cat ladder far away from the boom, and the handrail shall be higher than the ladder step by more than 300mm. 4.2.5.1.7 As for platform fire fighting vehicle equipped with fire monitor, its stability shall comply with the requirements of 4.2.4.4 and all its boom shall be extended to the working limit positions with an angle of 45°. If all booms cannot be extended to the working limit positions due to structure, the last section of boom shall be extended to the working limit position with an angle of 45°, and the inextensible boom shall be extended to the working limit position with the maximum angle formed with horizontal plane. Load the rescue cage according to the specified load during spraying, meanwhile, let the fire monitor spray at rated flow within the working range, and the stability of platform fire fighting vehicle shall also meet the requirements of 4.2.4.4. 4.2.5.1.8 As for fire monitor installed on the platform fire fighting vehicle, the depression angle and elevation angle for it winding the horizontal line as well as the left swing angle and right swing angle for it winding the boom parallel line shall be greater than 45°. 4.2.5.1.9 As for fire monitor arranged for platform fire fighting vehicle, the flow rate shall not be less than 30 L/s and the spray range shall not be less than 40 m; valve and pressure gauge shall be arranged at the inlet of the fire monitor; the duration from opening the valve to the maximum opening shall be greater than 5s. 4.2.5.2 Aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle 4.2.5.2.1 For aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height not greater than 40 m, the duration for ladder lifting from driving position to the maximum operating height and rotating by 90° shall be less than 120s. For aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height greater than 40 m, such duration shall increase by 30 s for each 10 m of the part exceeding 40 m, in case the length of the part exceeding 40m is less than 10m, the value of such length shall be rounded off. 4.2.5.2.2 The duration for stabilizer extending, supporting and being leveled shall not be greater than 40 s. 4.2.5.2.3 As for aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle, the area of its rescue cage shall be greater than 1.0m2 and that of its lift shall be greater than 0.8m2. 4.2.5.2.4 As for aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle with the rescue cage monitor not spraying water, the rated load of its rescue cage shall not be less than 180kg. 4.2.5.2.5 As for aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle, auxiliary ladder, which may directly arrive the ground surface when unfolded, shall be arranged at the lower end of its ladder. 4.2.5.2.6 Lighting device shall be arranged for the ladder of aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle; the maximum load bearing capacity (number of people) of ladder shall be indicated at the turntable operation place; the ladder strength shall be able to ensure it is free from permanent deformation or damage when it bears the maximum load (the maximum quantity of people). As for the ladder step, the length shall be greater than 450mm, the spacing shall be less than 350 mm, and the surface shall be antiskid with the anti-skid surface length greater than 60% the length of the ladder step. There shall be handrail on both sides of ladder, and the handrail shall be higher than the ladder step by more than 300mm. 4.2.5.2.7 If ladder step is round, the diameter of ladder step including anti-skidding layer shall be greater than 32 mm. 4.2.5.2.8 If ladder step is of other shape, the sectional area of ladder step shall not be less than 775 mm2; as for the section including anti-skidding layer, the length of long side is not greater than 80 mm and that of the short side is not less than 19 mm. 4.2.5.2.9 The ladder step installed on ladder of aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle shall be able to withstand a force of 2,300N without fracture or obvious permanent deformation. 4.2.5.2.10 Ladder of aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle shall possess driving locking device which shall ensure the ladder will not stretch when the aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle imminently brakes at 30 km/h and shall be without additional switch. 4.2.5.2.11 As for aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle equipped with manned rescue cage and fire monitor, its stability shall comply with the requirements of 4.2.4.4, the ladder shall be extended to working limit position with an angle of 45°; load the rescue cage according to the specified load during spraying, meanwhile, let the fire monitor spray at rated flow within the working range; the stability of aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle shall also meet the requirements of 4.2.4.4. 4.2.5.2.12 Fire monitor installed at ladder top shall not influence the motion of ladder or hinder the personnel approaching the ladder top according to operation specifications. The depression angle and elevation angle for fire monitor winding the horizontal line shall be greater than 60° and the left swing angle and right swing angle for it winding the ladder parallel line shall be greater than 45°. 4.2.5.2.13 As for fire monitor arranged for aerial ladder fire fighting vehicle, the flow shall not be less than 30 L/s and the spray range shall not be less than 40 m; valve and pressure gauge shall be arranged at the inlet of the fire monitor; the duration from opening the valve to the maximum opening shall be greater than 5s. 4.2.5.3 Water tower fire fighting vehicle 4.2.5.3.1 For water tower fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height not greater than 35 m, the duration for its boom lifting from driving position to the maximum operating height and rotating by 90° shall be less than 150s. For water tower fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height greater than 35 m, such duration shall increase by 40 s for each 10 m of the part exceeding 35m, in case the length of the part exceeding 35m is less than 10m, the value of such length shall be rounded off. 4.2.5.3.2 The duration for stabilizer extending, supporting and being leveled shall be less than 40 s. 4.2.5.3.3 As for water tower fire fighting vehicle, searchlight with yellow light and with the lighting direction same as that of the monitor spraying direction shall be installed on the monitor. If water tower fire fighting vehicle is equipped with camera head, the camera range of camera head shall not be less than the spray range of the fire monitor, and there shall be displayer on the operating platform to display the recorded video. 4.2.5.3.4 When the fire monitor of water tower fire fighting vehicle sprays at maximum operating height, rated working pressure and rated working flow, the boom of water tower fire fighting vehicle with the maximum operating height not greater than 30m shall be able to rotate and vary amplitude. 4.2.5.3.5 Water supply pipeline of water tower fire fighting vehicle shall possess external water supply interface whose quantity shall ensure the spray flow and pressure of boom fire monitor. 4.2.5.3.6 As for fire monitor of water tower fire fighting vehicle, the elevation angle and the depression angle for it winding horizontal line shall be greater than 30° and less than -60 ° respectively, and its spraying pattern, luffing and level rotation shall not be adjusted manually. 4.2.5.3.7 As for fire monitor arranged for water tower fire fighting vehicle, its flow shall not be less than 50 L/s and its spray range shall not be less than 60m; outlet valve shall be installed at junction of water outlet of fire pump of water tower fire fighting vehicle and boom outlet pipeline; the duration for opening the outlet valve to its maximum opening shall be greater than 5 s. 4.2.5.3.8 As for water tower fire fighting vehicle with forcible entry device and with the maximum operating height not greater than 20 m, the duration for its boom returning to forcible entry device storage tank from maximum operating height and then lifting to the maximum operating height after replacing the forcible entry device shall not be greater than 300s. For water tower fire fighting vehicle with forcible entry device and with the maximum operating height greater than 20 m, such duration shall increase by 40 s for each 10 m of the part exceeding 20m, in case the length of the part exceeding 20m is less than 10m, the value of such length shall be rounded off. 4.2.5.3.9 As for water tower fire fighting vehicle with forcible entry device, its forcible entry device shall be automatically positioned and replaced and manually fixed. 4.2.5.3.10 As for water tower fire fighting vehicle with forcible entry device, it shall be ensured that the forcible entry device is firmly installed during vehicle driving, otherwise, the forcible entry device shall be placed in the storage tank before driving vehicle. 4.2.5.3.11 If water tower fire fighting vehicle is equipped with forcible entry device, boom shall be strong enough so that it is free from permanent deformation or structural damage or will not result in vehicle rollover when the forcible entry device works at the maximum operating height and the maximum forcible entry force. 4.3 Chassis Remanufacture Requirements 4.3.1 Chassis remanufacture of aerial fire fighting vehicle shall comply with the requirements of 5.4 in GB 7956.1-2014. 4.3.2 If chassis tyres serve as supporting points during aerial fire fighting vehicle work, the suspension system of chassis shall be locked when the transverse stabilizer is extended.

Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Terms and Definitions 4 Technical Requirements 4.1 Basic Requirements 4.2 Complete Vehicle Requirements 4.3 Chassis Remanufacture Requirements 4.4 Special Device Requirements 4.5 Fire-fighting hydrosystem 4.6 Instrument and Apparatus 4.7 Arrangement, Fixation and Configuration of Apparatus 4.8 Alarm Lights 4.9 Documents, Tools and Vulnerable Parts along with the Vehicle 5 Test Method 5.1 Tests with Basic Requirements 5.2 Tests for the Complete Vehicle 5.3 Chassis Remanufacture Test 5.4 Tests for Special Devices 5.5 Tests for Fire Fighting Hydrosystem 5.6 Tests for Apparatus and Instruments 5.7 Tests for Arrangement and Fixation of the Equipment 5.8 Tests for Warning Lights 5.9 Inspection on the Documents, Tools and Vulnerable Parts along with the Vehicle 6 Inspection Rules 6.1 Inspection Classification 6.2 Judgement Rules 7 Marking, Packaging, Transport and Storage 7.1 Marking 7.2 Packaging 7.3 Transport 7.4 Storage