GB/T 151-2026 Heat exchangers
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the general requirements for metal heat exchangers and the requirements for materials, design, fabrication, inspection, acceptance, installation, and use of shell and tube heat exchangers.
1.2 The general requirements of this document apply to shell and tube heat exchangers and other structural types of heat exchangers. All contents of this document apply to shell and tube heat exchangers.
1.3 The applicable design pressure of this document are:
a) the design pressure of shell and tube heat exchangers shall not exceed 35MPa;
b) the design pressure of other structural types of heat exchangers shall be determined according to the corresponding reference product standards.
1.4 The applicable design pressure of this document are:
a) the design temperature range of steel heat exchangers is based on the allowable operating temperature range of the materials listed in GB/T 150.2-2024;
b) the design temperature of heat exchanger made of non-ferrous metals is determined according to the allowable operating temperature of the materials listed in the corresponding reference standards.
1.5 This document is applicable to shell and tube heat exchangers with a product of design pressure (MPa) and nominal diameter (mm) not exceeding 4.05×104; among them, the nominal diameter of the non-retractable bundle shell and tube heat exchanger shall not exceed 6000mm, and the nominal diameter of the retractable bundle shell and tube heat exchanger shall not exceed 2600mm.
1.6 Shell and tube heat exchangers exceeding the scope of 1.5 shall be fabricated in accordance with this document.
1.7 This document is not applicable to the following heat exchangers:
a) direct flame heating heat exchangers;
b) flue-type waste (waste heat) boilers;
c) heat exchangers in nuclear energy devices with a risk of neutron radiation damage failure;
d) non-metallic heat exchangers;
e) heat exchangers in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry with other national or professional standards.
1.8 The scope of definition for heat exchangers is as follows.
a) connections between heat exchangers and external pipelines:
1) the end face of the first circumferential joint groove for welding connection;
2) the end face of the first threaded joint for threaded connection;
3) the first sealing surface of flange connection;
4) the first sealing surface of dedicated connection piece or pipe fitting.
b) pressure-bearing heads, flat covers and their fasteners of manholes, handholes, etc.
c) weld seams connecting non-pressure components and pressure components.
d) non-pressure components directly connected to heat exchanger, such as supports and gaskets.
e) overpressure relief devices installed on the heat exchanger.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain requirements which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 150.1-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 1: General requirements
GB/T 150.2-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 2: Materials
GB/T 150.3-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
GB/T 150.4-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance
GB/T 713.2 Steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure equipments - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel with specified temperature properties
GB/T 713.4 Steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure equipments - Part 4: Nickel-alloy steels with specified low temperature properties
GB/T 713.7 Steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure equipments - Part 7: Stainless steel and heat resisting steel
GB/T 1527 Drawn tube of copper and copper alloys
GB/T 1804 General tolerances - Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications
GB/T 2040 Copper and copper alloy sheet
GB/T 2654 Hardness test methods on welded joints
GB/T 2882 Nickel and nickel alloys tube
GB/T 3621 Titanium and titanium alloy plate and sheet
GB/T 3625 Titanium and titanium alloy tube for condensers and heat exchangers
GB/T 3880 (all parts) Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy plates, sheets and strips for general engineering
GB/T 4340.1 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part 1: Test method
GB/T 4732 (all parts) Pressure vessels design by analysis
GB/T 5310 Seamless steel tubes and pipes for high pressure boiler
GB/T 5313 Steel plate with through-thickness properties
GB/T 6893 Aluminium and aluminium alloys cold drawn (rolled) tubes
GB/T 8890 Seamless copper alloy tube for condenser and heat-exchanger
GB/T 9948 Seamless steel tubes and pipes for petrochemical and chemical facilities
GB/T 13296 Seamless stainless steel tubes for boiler and heat exchanger
GB/T 16598 Titanium and titanium alloy dics and ring
GB/T 16749 Bellows expansion joints for pressure vessel
GB/T 21183 Zirconium and zirconium alloy sheet, strip and foil
GB/T 21832.1 Welded austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel tubes and pipes - Part 1:Tubes for heat exchanger
GB/T 21833.1 Seamless austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel tubes and pipes - Part 1: Tubes for heat exchanger
GB/T 24590 Enhanced tubes for efficient heat exchanger
GB/T 24593 Welded austenitic stainless steel tubes for boiler and heat exchanger
GB/T 26283 Zirconium and zirconium alloy seamless tubes
GB/T 26929 Terminology for pressure vessels
GB/T 27698 (all parts) Test methods for the performance of heat exchangers and heat exchange elements
GB/T 28713 Enhanced heat transfer tubes used in heat exchanger
GB/T 29463 Gaskets used in tube-shell heat exchangers
GB/T 29465 Flange of floating heat exchangers
GB/T 30583 Specifications for post weld heat treatment of pressure equipment
HG/T 20592 Steel pipe flanges (PN designated)
HG/T 20615 Steel pipe flanges (Class designated)
HG/T 20623 Large Diameter Steel Pipe Flanges (Class Designated)
JB/T 4734 Aluminium welded vessels
JB/T 4755 Copper pressure vessels
JB/T 4756 Nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels
NB/T 10558 Coating and packing for pressure vessels transport
NB/T 10938 Coil-wound heat exchanger
NB/T 11026 Plate and shell heat exchangers
NB/T 11270 Titanium pressure vessels
NB/T 47002 (all parts) Clad plate for pressure vessels
NB/T 47004.1 Plate heat exchangers - Part 1: Plate-and-frame heat exchangers
NB/T 47004.2 Plate heat exchangers - Part 2: Welded plate heat exchangers
NB/T 47006 Aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers
NB/T 47007 Air-cooled heat exchangers
NB/T 47008 Carbon and alloy steel forgings for pressure equipment
NB/T 47009 Alloy steel forgings for low temperature pressure equipment
NB/T 47010 Stainless and heat-resisting steel forgings for pressure equipment
NB/T 47011 Zirconium pressure vessels
NB/T 47013 (all parts) Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments
NB/T 47014-2023 Welding procedure qualification for pressure equipments
NB/T 47019 (all parts) Purchase technical specification for boiler & heat exchanger tubes
NB/T 47020 Type and specification for pressure vessel flanges
NB/T 47021 A-type socket-weld flange
NB/T 47022 B-type socket-weld flange
NB/T 47023 Welding neck flange
NB/T 47024 Nonmetallic gaskets
NB/T 47025 Spiral wound gaskets
NB/T 47026 Double-jacketed gaskets
NB/T 47027 Stud bolts & nuts for body flange
NB/T 47028 Nickel and nickel alloy forgings for pressure vessels
NB/T47029 Aluminium and aluminium alloy forgings for pressure vessels
NB/T 47041 Vertical vessels supported by skirt
NB/T47047 Nickel-nickel alloy seamless tube and pipe for pressure equipments
NB/T 47048 Spiral plate heat exchanger
NB/T 47065.1 Vessel support - Part 1: Saddle support
NB/T 47065.3 Vessel support - Part 3: Lug support
NB/T 47065.5 Vessel support - Part 5: Support lugs with rigid rings
SH/T 0785 Petroleum and related products - Determination of wick flame persistence of fire-resistant fluids
TSG 21 Supervision Regulation on Safety Technology for Stationary Pressure Vessel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 26929 and GB/T 150.1-2024 and the following apply.
3.1
nominal diameter
DN
cylindrical tube diameter of designed shell and tube heat exchanger
Note: The nominal rolled and forged cylindrical tube diameter (DN) refers to the inner diameter of the cylinder; the nominal fabricated cylindrical tube diameter (DN) refers to the outer diameter of the cylinder; the nominal diameter of the kettle-type reboiler (DN) refers to the inner or outer diameter of the header. The nominal diameter in millimeters (mm).
3.2 Heat transfer area
3.2.1
calculated heat transfer area
external surface area obtained by subtracting the lengths of non-heating tubes from the outer diameter of heat exchange tubes and then performing the calculation.
Note: The nominal heat transfer area is in square meters (m²).
3.2.2
nominal heat transfer area
area of calculated heat transfer area rounded to the nearest integer
Note: The nominal heat transfer area is in square meters (m²).
3.3
nominal length
LN
length of heat exchange tube of shell and tube heat exchanger
Note: When the heat exchange tube is straight pipe, the nominal length is the length of straight pipe section; when the heat exchange tube is U-shaped pipe, the nominal length is the length of straight pipe section of U-shaped pipe. The nominal length is in meters (m).
3.4 Tubeside and shellside
3.4.1 tubeside
channel that medium flows through within the heat exchange tube and the parts connected to it
3.4.2 shellside
channel that medium flows through outside the heat exchange tube and the parts connected to it
3.5 Number of tube passes and shell passes
3.5.1 number of tube passes
Nt
number of times of medium passes back and forth along the length direction of heat exchange tube
3.5.2
number of shell passes
Ns
number of times of medium passes back and forth along the length direction of heat exchange tube within the shellside
3.6
grade TI bundle
steel tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade TI accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet, baffles, and support plates, as well as the allowable tolerances, are of grade TI matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade TI accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet and the allowable tolerances are of grade TI matching accuracy
3.7
grade I bundle
steel tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade I accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet, baffles, and support plates, as well as the allowable tolerances, are of grade I matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade I accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet and the allowable tolerances are of grade I matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes made of copper alloy in accordance with GB/T 8890, aluminum and aluminum alloys in accordance with GB/T 6893, and zirconium and zirconium alloys in accordance with GB/T 26283
3.8
grade II bundle
steel tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade II accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet, baffles, and support plates, as well as the allowable tolerances, are of grade II matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade II accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet and the allowable tolerances are of grade II matching accuracy
3.9
strength expansion
strength of expansion connection between heat exchange tube and tube sheet meets the design requirements for axial (tensile or compressive) mechanical loads and temperature difference loads of heat exchange tube, and ensures the sealing performance through expansion connection
3.10
light expansion
light expansion connection to eliminate the gap between heat exchange tube and tube hole of tube sheet
3.11
strength weld
strength of welding connection between heat exchange tube and tube sheet meets the design requirements for axial (tensile or compressive) mechanical loads and temperature difference loads of heat exchange tube, and ensures the sealing performance through welding
3.12
seal weld
welding that only ensure the connection between heat exchange tube and tube sheet is leak-proof
3.13
tubes welded to backside of tubesheet
welding between heat exchange tube and tube sheet carried out on the shell side using butt welds to form butt joints or lock-bottom joints
4 Failure modes
The main failure modes that need to be considered in the fabrication of a heat exchanger are as follows:
Contents
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Failure modes
5 General requirements
5.1 General
5.2 Qualification and responsibilities
5.3 Process calculation
5.4 General design specifications
5.5 Permissible stress
5.6 Welding joint classification and welding joint coefficients
5.7 Pressure test
5.8 Leakage test
5.9 Welding joint structure design
5.10 Overpressure relief device
6 Materials
6.1 General
6.2 Cylinder and head
6.3 Tube sheet, header cover, and flange
6.4 Heat exchange tube
6.5 Steel rods for screws (including bolts) and nuts
7 Structural design
7.1 Main components and names of shell and tube heat exchanger
7.2 Model of shell and tube heat exchanger
7.3 Tubeside
7.4 Heat exchange tube
7.5 Tube sheet
7.6 Connection of heat exchange tube and tube sheet
7.7 Welding connection of tube sheet and header, shell
7.8 Shellside
7.9 Hooked head type floating head
7.10 Shell
7.11 Packing box
7.12 Expansion joint
7.13 Pipe connection and other openings
7.14 Equipment and pipe connection flange
7.15 Sealing and gasket
7.16 Support
7.17 Accessory
8 Design calculation
8.1 Shell, head and partition
8.2 Floating head cover and hook
8.3 Heat exchange tube
8.4 Tube sheet calculation
9 Fabrication, inspection and acceptance
9.1 General
9.2 Cylinder
9.3 Heat exchange tube
9.4 Tube sheet, header cover
9.5 Baffle plate, support plate
9.6 Other components
9.7 Assembly of bundle
9.8 Connection of heat exchange tube and tube sheet
9.9 Welding
9.10 Non-destructive testing
9.11 Heat treatment
9.12 Assembly
9.13 Dimensional tolerance
9.14 Pressure test and leakage test
9.15 Delivery documentation
9.16 Nameplate
9.17 Coating and transportation packaging
10 Installation, operation and maintenance
10.1 On-site installation
10.2 Commissioning and operation
10.3 Maintenance
Annex A (Normative) Declaration of conformity and amendment of standard
Annex B (Informative) Heat transfer calculation of shell and tube heat exchanger
B.1 General
B.2 Calculation process
B.3 Design conditions
B.4 Design results
B.5 Data table
B.6 Basic heat transfer equation
B.7 Total heat transfer coefficient
B.8 Effective average temperature difference
B.9 Qualitative temperature of fluid
B.10 Wall temperature calculation
B.11 Fouling thermal resistance
B.12 Methods for testing and evaluation of energy efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger
Annex C (Informative) Fluid-induced vibration
C.1 Calculation of fluid-induced vibration
C.2 Natural frequency of heat exchange tube
C.3 Logarithmic decrement rate
C.4 Vibration amplitude
C.5 Criteria for vibration
C.6 Anti-vibration measures
C.7 Examples
Annex D (Informative) Physical properties data of common fluids
D.1 Fluid density
D.2 Specific heat
D.3 Enthalpy
D.4 Thermal conductivity
D.5 Viscosity
D.6 Critical temperature and critical pressure
D.7 Properties of gas and vapor mixtures
Annex E (Informative) Fouling thermal resistance
E.1 General
E.2 Fouling thermal resistance of water
E.3 Fouling thermal resistance of industrial fluids (10-5m²·K/W)
E.4 Fouling thermal resistance of chemical process fluids (10-5m²·K/W)
E.5 Fouling thermal resistance of gasoline-processed natural gas fluids (10-5m²·K/W)
E.6 Fouling thermal resistance of petroleum refining process liquids (10-5m²·K/W)
Annex F (Informative) Thermal conductivity of metals
F.1 Thermal conductivity of iron-based metals
F.2 Thermal conductivity of other metals
Annex G (Informative) Characteristic table of heat exchange tube
Annex H (Normative) Process qualification of expansion joint for heat exchange tube and tube sheet
H.1 General
H.2 Common processes and structures for expansion joint
H.3 Variation factors for process qualification of expansion joint
H.4 Test specimens and rules
H.5 Inspection requirements and result evaluation
H.6 Reduction of inspection requirements for process qualification of expansion joint
H.7 Report of process qualification of expansion joint
Annex I (Normative) Pull-off test of connection joint between heat exchange tube and tube sheet
I.1 General
I.2 Test specimen
I.3 Test procedure
I.4 Result evaluation
Annex J (Normative) Supplementary requirements for process qualification of welding of heat exchange tube and tube sheet
J.1 General
J.2 Supplementary requirements for welding process qualification factors and rules
J.3 Test specimens and evaluation methods
J.4 Inspection requirements and result evaluation
J.5 Welding process qualification report
Annex K (Informative) Welding joint of heat exchange tube and tube sheet with welding form
Annex L (Informative) Welding connection of tube sheet, header and shell
L.1 General
L.2 Tube sheet with extended part acting as flange
L.3 Tube sheet not acting as flange
L.4 Connection of double tube sheets and shell
Annex M (Informative) Calculation of import or export area of shell and bundle
M.1 General
M.2 Import or export area of shell, As
M.3 Import or export area of bundle, At
Annex N (Informative) Seismic design calculation of overlapping heat exchangers
N.1 General
N.2 Seismic action and seismic verification
Annex O (Informative) Tube sheet design of corrugated heat exchanger tube
O.1 General
O.2 Structural design
O.3 Symbols
O.4 Axial stiffness of corrugated tube
O.5 Allowable pressure of corrugated tube
O.6 Allowable stress of stable pressure of corrugated tube
O.4 Calculation of tube sheet
Annex P (Informative) Support tube sheet
P.1 General
P.2 Structural design
P.3 Design calculation
P.4 Fabrication
Annex Q (Informative) Flexible tube sheet
Q.1 General
Q.2 Structural design
Q.3 Design calculation
Q.4 Fabrication
Annex R (Normative) NEN type fixed tube sheet heat exchanger tube sheet design
R.1 General
R.2 Symbols
R.3 Calculation conditions
R.4 Calculation procedure
R.5 Mechanical model and internal force analysis of NEN type heat exchanger
R.6 Stress calculation of tube sheet
R.7 Stress of heat exchanger tube and connection tensile force of tube sheet
R.8 Axial stress of shell
R.9 Mechanical model and stress calculation under action of gravity force of components related to tube sheet
Annex S (Informative) Design of tube sheet with special structures
S.1 General
S.2 Symbols
S.3 Calculation conditions
S.4 Calculation procedure
Bibliography
GB/T 151-2026 Heat exchangers
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the general requirements for metal heat exchangers and the requirements for materials, design, fabrication, inspection, acceptance, installation, and use of shell and tube heat exchangers.
1.2 The general requirements of this document apply to shell and tube heat exchangers and other structural types of heat exchangers. All contents of this document apply to shell and tube heat exchangers.
1.3 The applicable design pressure of this document are:
a) the design pressure of shell and tube heat exchangers shall not exceed 35MPa;
b) the design pressure of other structural types of heat exchangers shall be determined according to the corresponding reference product standards.
1.4 The applicable design pressure of this document are:
a) the design temperature range of steel heat exchangers is based on the allowable operating temperature range of the materials listed in GB/T 150.2-2024;
b) the design temperature of heat exchanger made of non-ferrous metals is determined according to the allowable operating temperature of the materials listed in the corresponding reference standards.
1.5 This document is applicable to shell and tube heat exchangers with a product of design pressure (MPa) and nominal diameter (mm) not exceeding 4.05×104; among them, the nominal diameter of the non-retractable bundle shell and tube heat exchanger shall not exceed 6000mm, and the nominal diameter of the retractable bundle shell and tube heat exchanger shall not exceed 2600mm.
1.6 Shell and tube heat exchangers exceeding the scope of 1.5 shall be fabricated in accordance with this document.
1.7 This document is not applicable to the following heat exchangers:
a) direct flame heating heat exchangers;
b) flue-type waste (waste heat) boilers;
c) heat exchangers in nuclear energy devices with a risk of neutron radiation damage failure;
d) non-metallic heat exchangers;
e) heat exchangers in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry with other national or professional standards.
1.8 The scope of definition for heat exchangers is as follows.
a) connections between heat exchangers and external pipelines:
1) the end face of the first circumferential joint groove for welding connection;
2) the end face of the first threaded joint for threaded connection;
3) the first sealing surface of flange connection;
4) the first sealing surface of dedicated connection piece or pipe fitting.
b) pressure-bearing heads, flat covers and their fasteners of manholes, handholes, etc.
c) weld seams connecting non-pressure components and pressure components.
d) non-pressure components directly connected to heat exchanger, such as supports and gaskets.
e) overpressure relief devices installed on the heat exchanger.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain requirements which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 150.1-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 1: General requirements
GB/T 150.2-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 2: Materials
GB/T 150.3-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
GB/T 150.4-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance
GB/T 713.2 Steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure equipments - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel with specified temperature properties
GB/T 713.4 Steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure equipments - Part 4: Nickel-alloy steels with specified low temperature properties
GB/T 713.7 Steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure equipments - Part 7: Stainless steel and heat resisting steel
GB/T 1527 Drawn tube of copper and copper alloys
GB/T 1804 General tolerances - Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications
GB/T 2040 Copper and copper alloy sheet
GB/T 2654 Hardness test methods on welded joints
GB/T 2882 Nickel and nickel alloys tube
GB/T 3621 Titanium and titanium alloy plate and sheet
GB/T 3625 Titanium and titanium alloy tube for condensers and heat exchangers
GB/T 3880 (all parts) Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy plates, sheets and strips for general engineering
GB/T 4340.1 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part 1: Test method
GB/T 4732 (all parts) Pressure vessels design by analysis
GB/T 5310 Seamless steel tubes and pipes for high pressure boiler
GB/T 5313 Steel plate with through-thickness properties
GB/T 6893 Aluminium and aluminium alloys cold drawn (rolled) tubes
GB/T 8890 Seamless copper alloy tube for condenser and heat-exchanger
GB/T 9948 Seamless steel tubes and pipes for petrochemical and chemical facilities
GB/T 13296 Seamless stainless steel tubes for boiler and heat exchanger
GB/T 16598 Titanium and titanium alloy dics and ring
GB/T 16749 Bellows expansion joints for pressure vessel
GB/T 21183 Zirconium and zirconium alloy sheet, strip and foil
GB/T 21832.1 Welded austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel tubes and pipes - Part 1:Tubes for heat exchanger
GB/T 21833.1 Seamless austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel tubes and pipes - Part 1: Tubes for heat exchanger
GB/T 24590 Enhanced tubes for efficient heat exchanger
GB/T 24593 Welded austenitic stainless steel tubes for boiler and heat exchanger
GB/T 26283 Zirconium and zirconium alloy seamless tubes
GB/T 26929 Terminology for pressure vessels
GB/T 27698 (all parts) Test methods for the performance of heat exchangers and heat exchange elements
GB/T 28713 Enhanced heat transfer tubes used in heat exchanger
GB/T 29463 Gaskets used in tube-shell heat exchangers
GB/T 29465 Flange of floating heat exchangers
GB/T 30583 Specifications for post weld heat treatment of pressure equipment
HG/T 20592 Steel pipe flanges (PN designated)
HG/T 20615 Steel pipe flanges (Class designated)
HG/T 20623 Large Diameter Steel Pipe Flanges (Class Designated)
JB/T 4734 Aluminium welded vessels
JB/T 4755 Copper pressure vessels
JB/T 4756 Nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels
NB/T 10558 Coating and packing for pressure vessels transport
NB/T 10938 Coil-wound heat exchanger
NB/T 11026 Plate and shell heat exchangers
NB/T 11270 Titanium pressure vessels
NB/T 47002 (all parts) Clad plate for pressure vessels
NB/T 47004.1 Plate heat exchangers - Part 1: Plate-and-frame heat exchangers
NB/T 47004.2 Plate heat exchangers - Part 2: Welded plate heat exchangers
NB/T 47006 Aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers
NB/T 47007 Air-cooled heat exchangers
NB/T 47008 Carbon and alloy steel forgings for pressure equipment
NB/T 47009 Alloy steel forgings for low temperature pressure equipment
NB/T 47010 Stainless and heat-resisting steel forgings for pressure equipment
NB/T 47011 Zirconium pressure vessels
NB/T 47013 (all parts) Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments
NB/T 47014-2023 Welding procedure qualification for pressure equipments
NB/T 47019 (all parts) Purchase technical specification for boiler & heat exchanger tubes
NB/T 47020 Type and specification for pressure vessel flanges
NB/T 47021 A-type socket-weld flange
NB/T 47022 B-type socket-weld flange
NB/T 47023 Welding neck flange
NB/T 47024 Nonmetallic gaskets
NB/T 47025 Spiral wound gaskets
NB/T 47026 Double-jacketed gaskets
NB/T 47027 Stud bolts & nuts for body flange
NB/T 47028 Nickel and nickel alloy forgings for pressure vessels
NB/T47029 Aluminium and aluminium alloy forgings for pressure vessels
NB/T 47041 Vertical vessels supported by skirt
NB/T47047 Nickel-nickel alloy seamless tube and pipe for pressure equipments
NB/T 47048 Spiral plate heat exchanger
NB/T 47065.1 Vessel support - Part 1: Saddle support
NB/T 47065.3 Vessel support - Part 3: Lug support
NB/T 47065.5 Vessel support - Part 5: Support lugs with rigid rings
SH/T 0785 Petroleum and related products - Determination of wick flame persistence of fire-resistant fluids
TSG 21 Supervision Regulation on Safety Technology for Stationary Pressure Vessel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 26929 and GB/T 150.1-2024 and the following apply.
3.1
nominal diameter
DN
cylindrical tube diameter of designed shell and tube heat exchanger
Note: The nominal rolled and forged cylindrical tube diameter (DN) refers to the inner diameter of the cylinder; the nominal fabricated cylindrical tube diameter (DN) refers to the outer diameter of the cylinder; the nominal diameter of the kettle-type reboiler (DN) refers to the inner or outer diameter of the header. The nominal diameter in millimeters (mm).
3.2 Heat transfer area
3.2.1
calculated heat transfer area
external surface area obtained by subtracting the lengths of non-heating tubes from the outer diameter of heat exchange tubes and then performing the calculation.
Note: The nominal heat transfer area is in square meters (m²).
3.2.2
nominal heat transfer area
area of calculated heat transfer area rounded to the nearest integer
Note: The nominal heat transfer area is in square meters (m²).
3.3
nominal length
LN
length of heat exchange tube of shell and tube heat exchanger
Note: When the heat exchange tube is straight pipe, the nominal length is the length of straight pipe section; when the heat exchange tube is U-shaped pipe, the nominal length is the length of straight pipe section of U-shaped pipe. The nominal length is in meters (m).
3.4 Tubeside and shellside
3.4.1 tubeside
channel that medium flows through within the heat exchange tube and the parts connected to it
3.4.2 shellside
channel that medium flows through outside the heat exchange tube and the parts connected to it
3.5 Number of tube passes and shell passes
3.5.1 number of tube passes
Nt
number of times of medium passes back and forth along the length direction of heat exchange tube
3.5.2
number of shell passes
Ns
number of times of medium passes back and forth along the length direction of heat exchange tube within the shellside
3.6
grade TI bundle
steel tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade TI accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet, baffles, and support plates, as well as the allowable tolerances, are of grade TI matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade TI accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet and the allowable tolerances are of grade TI matching accuracy
3.7
grade I bundle
steel tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade I accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet, baffles, and support plates, as well as the allowable tolerances, are of grade I matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade I accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet and the allowable tolerances are of grade I matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes made of copper alloy in accordance with GB/T 8890, aluminum and aluminum alloys in accordance with GB/T 6893, and zirconium and zirconium alloys in accordance with GB/T 26283
3.8
grade II bundle
steel tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade II accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet, baffles, and support plates, as well as the allowable tolerances, are of grade II matching accuracy; or non-ferrous metal tube bundles of heat exchange tubes of grade II accuracy as per NB/T 47019 (all parts), and the diameters of tube holes on the tube sheet and the allowable tolerances are of grade II matching accuracy
3.9
strength expansion
strength of expansion connection between heat exchange tube and tube sheet meets the design requirements for axial (tensile or compressive) mechanical loads and temperature difference loads of heat exchange tube, and ensures the sealing performance through expansion connection
3.10
light expansion
light expansion connection to eliminate the gap between heat exchange tube and tube hole of tube sheet
3.11
strength weld
strength of welding connection between heat exchange tube and tube sheet meets the design requirements for axial (tensile or compressive) mechanical loads and temperature difference loads of heat exchange tube, and ensures the sealing performance through welding
3.12
seal weld
welding that only ensure the connection between heat exchange tube and tube sheet is leak-proof
3.13
tubes welded to backside of tubesheet
welding between heat exchange tube and tube sheet carried out on the shell side using butt welds to form butt joints or lock-bottom joints
4 Failure modes
The main failure modes that need to be considered in the fabrication of a heat exchanger are as follows:
Contents of GB/T 151-2026
Contents
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Failure modes
5 General requirements
5.1 General
5.2 Qualification and responsibilities
5.3 Process calculation
5.4 General design specifications
5.5 Permissible stress
5.6 Welding joint classification and welding joint coefficients
5.7 Pressure test
5.8 Leakage test
5.9 Welding joint structure design
5.10 Overpressure relief device
6 Materials
6.1 General
6.2 Cylinder and head
6.3 Tube sheet, header cover, and flange
6.4 Heat exchange tube
6.5 Steel rods for screws (including bolts) and nuts
7 Structural design
7.1 Main components and names of shell and tube heat exchanger
7.2 Model of shell and tube heat exchanger
7.3 Tubeside
7.4 Heat exchange tube
7.5 Tube sheet
7.6 Connection of heat exchange tube and tube sheet
7.7 Welding connection of tube sheet and header, shell
7.8 Shellside
7.9 Hooked head type floating head
7.10 Shell
7.11 Packing box
7.12 Expansion joint
7.13 Pipe connection and other openings
7.14 Equipment and pipe connection flange
7.15 Sealing and gasket
7.16 Support
7.17 Accessory
8 Design calculation
8.1 Shell, head and partition
8.2 Floating head cover and hook
8.3 Heat exchange tube
8.4 Tube sheet calculation
9 Fabrication, inspection and acceptance
9.1 General
9.2 Cylinder
9.3 Heat exchange tube
9.4 Tube sheet, header cover
9.5 Baffle plate, support plate
9.6 Other components
9.7 Assembly of bundle
9.8 Connection of heat exchange tube and tube sheet
9.9 Welding
9.10 Non-destructive testing
9.11 Heat treatment
9.12 Assembly
9.13 Dimensional tolerance
9.14 Pressure test and leakage test
9.15 Delivery documentation
9.16 Nameplate
9.17 Coating and transportation packaging
10 Installation, operation and maintenance
10.1 On-site installation
10.2 Commissioning and operation
10.3 Maintenance
Annex A (Normative) Declaration of conformity and amendment of standard
Annex B (Informative) Heat transfer calculation of shell and tube heat exchanger
B.1 General
B.2 Calculation process
B.3 Design conditions
B.4 Design results
B.5 Data table
B.6 Basic heat transfer equation
B.7 Total heat transfer coefficient
B.8 Effective average temperature difference
B.9 Qualitative temperature of fluid
B.10 Wall temperature calculation
B.11 Fouling thermal resistance
B.12 Methods for testing and evaluation of energy efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger
Annex C (Informative) Fluid-induced vibration
C.1 Calculation of fluid-induced vibration
C.2 Natural frequency of heat exchange tube
C.3 Logarithmic decrement rate
C.4 Vibration amplitude
C.5 Criteria for vibration
C.6 Anti-vibration measures
C.7 Examples
Annex D (Informative) Physical properties data of common fluids
D.1 Fluid density
D.2 Specific heat
D.3 Enthalpy
D.4 Thermal conductivity
D.5 Viscosity
D.6 Critical temperature and critical pressure
D.7 Properties of gas and vapor mixtures
Annex E (Informative) Fouling thermal resistance
E.1 General
E.2 Fouling thermal resistance of water
E.3 Fouling thermal resistance of industrial fluids (10-5m²·K/W)
E.4 Fouling thermal resistance of chemical process fluids (10-5m²·K/W)
E.5 Fouling thermal resistance of gasoline-processed natural gas fluids (10-5m²·K/W)
E.6 Fouling thermal resistance of petroleum refining process liquids (10-5m²·K/W)
Annex F (Informative) Thermal conductivity of metals
F.1 Thermal conductivity of iron-based metals
F.2 Thermal conductivity of other metals
Annex G (Informative) Characteristic table of heat exchange tube
Annex H (Normative) Process qualification of expansion joint for heat exchange tube and tube sheet
H.1 General
H.2 Common processes and structures for expansion joint
H.3 Variation factors for process qualification of expansion joint
H.4 Test specimens and rules
H.5 Inspection requirements and result evaluation
H.6 Reduction of inspection requirements for process qualification of expansion joint
H.7 Report of process qualification of expansion joint
Annex I (Normative) Pull-off test of connection joint between heat exchange tube and tube sheet
I.1 General
I.2 Test specimen
I.3 Test procedure
I.4 Result evaluation
Annex J (Normative) Supplementary requirements for process qualification of welding of heat exchange tube and tube sheet
J.1 General
J.2 Supplementary requirements for welding process qualification factors and rules
J.3 Test specimens and evaluation methods
J.4 Inspection requirements and result evaluation
J.5 Welding process qualification report
Annex K (Informative) Welding joint of heat exchange tube and tube sheet with welding form
Annex L (Informative) Welding connection of tube sheet, header and shell
L.1 General
L.2 Tube sheet with extended part acting as flange
L.3 Tube sheet not acting as flange
L.4 Connection of double tube sheets and shell
Annex M (Informative) Calculation of import or export area of shell and bundle
M.1 General
M.2 Import or export area of shell, As
M.3 Import or export area of bundle, At
Annex N (Informative) Seismic design calculation of overlapping heat exchangers
N.1 General
N.2 Seismic action and seismic verification
Annex O (Informative) Tube sheet design of corrugated heat exchanger tube
O.1 General
O.2 Structural design
O.3 Symbols
O.4 Axial stiffness of corrugated tube
O.5 Allowable pressure of corrugated tube
O.6 Allowable stress of stable pressure of corrugated tube
O.4 Calculation of tube sheet
Annex P (Informative) Support tube sheet
P.1 General
P.2 Structural design
P.3 Design calculation
P.4 Fabrication
Annex Q (Informative) Flexible tube sheet
Q.1 General
Q.2 Structural design
Q.3 Design calculation
Q.4 Fabrication
Annex R (Normative) NEN type fixed tube sheet heat exchanger tube sheet design
R.1 General
R.2 Symbols
R.3 Calculation conditions
R.4 Calculation procedure
R.5 Mechanical model and internal force analysis of NEN type heat exchanger
R.6 Stress calculation of tube sheet
R.7 Stress of heat exchanger tube and connection tensile force of tube sheet
R.8 Axial stress of shell
R.9 Mechanical model and stress calculation under action of gravity force of components related to tube sheet
Annex S (Informative) Design of tube sheet with special structures
S.1 General
S.2 Symbols
S.3 Calculation conditions
S.4 Calculation procedure
Bibliography
