1 Scope
This document specifies the performance test methods for fuel cell power systems for electrically driven industrial vehicles.
This document applies to electrically driven industrial vehicles, such as material handling equipment, forklift trucks, etc., using fuel cell power generation systems fuelled by gaseous hydrogen or direct methanol.
This document applies to DC-type fuel cell power systems with a rated output voltage of up to 150 V for indoor and outdoor use.
This document applies to fuel cell power systems as defined in 3.7 and Figure 1.
This document does not apply to fuel cell power systems equipped with reformers, hybrid vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and fuel cell power systems used in potentially explosive atmospheres.
This document covers fuel cell power systems where the fuel source container is permanently attached to an industrial vehicle or fuel cell power system.
The use of removable fuel source containers is not permitted.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this document by means of normative references in the text. Where a reference is dated, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; where a reference is not dated, the latest version (including all amendment sheets) applies to this document.
GB/T 19753-2021 Test method for energy consumption of light hybrid electric vehicles
GB/Z 23751.3-2013 Micro fuel cell power generation systems Part 3: Fuel container interchangeability (IEC 62282-6-300:2009, IDT)
GB/T 27748.4-2017 Stationary fuel cell power generation systems Part 4: Performance test methods for small fuel cell power generation systems (IEC 62282-3-201:2013,IDT)
3 Terminology and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Noise level
The sound pressure level generated by a fuel cell power system in all modes of operation, measured at a given distance.
Note: Expressed in decibels (dB) and measured in accordance with 14.2.
3.2
Background noise level
The sound pressure level of the ambient noise at the measurement point.
Note: 14.2 This measurement method is used and described for fuel cell power systems in the cold state.
3.3
Storage battery
An electrochemical energy storage device used to provide energy input to support an auxiliary load and/or to provide electrical output.
Note: Does not include back-up batteries for control software memory and similar applications.
3.4
Cold state
A state in which a fuel cell power system is at ambient temperature with neither energy input nor energy output.
4 Symbols
The following symbols apply to this document.
Tables 1 and 2 give the symbols used in this document for electrical/thermal performance and environmental performance, their meanings and the corresponding units, respectively.
5 Standard conditions
The standard conditions are specified as follows:
---Standard temperature:Ts=273.15K (0°C);
--- Standard pressure: ps = 101.325 kPa (absolute).
6 Calorific value basis
Unless otherwise specified, the calorific value of the fuel shall be the low heating value (LHV) or similar.
Note: The low heating value (LHV) and high heating value (HHV) for hydrogen and methanol are given in Appendix A.
7 General requirements for test preparation
7.1 General rules
For each test, a high precision instrument should be selected and the test should be carefully planned with attention to detail to minimise uncertainty.
A detailed test plan based on this document shall be prepared by the test participants and a written test plan shall be prepared.
7.2 Data acquisition programme
To meet the target uncertainty, the duration and frequency of the readings shall be determined and data recording equipment shall be prepared in advance of the performance test.
8 Test set-up
Figures 2 and 3 give examples of the test setups required for testing fuel cell power systems using hydrogen and methanol fuels respectively. The fuel cell power generation system is connected to an electronic load.
a Connected to a collection device to measure volume (or mass), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
b Connected to the collection device for composition analysis.
Figure 2 Example of a hydrogen fuel cell test setup
Note: Refer to the symbols in Figure 2 for descriptions.
a Connected to the collection device to measure volume (or mass), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
b Connected to the collection device for composition analysis.
Figure 3 Example of a methanol fuel cell test set-up
9 Minimum requirements for measurement system uncertainty
The recommended system measurement uncertainties for the equipment are as follows, given as a percentage of the measured/calculated value or as an absolute value:
---Electric power: ±1%;
---Electric power: ±1%;
---Fuel gas flow: ±1%;
---Accumulated gas flow: ±1%;
---Time:±0.5%;
--- Liquid fuel mass:±1% of the determined mass (without the mass of the fuel tank) as described in GB/T 27748.4-2017;
--- Relative humidity:±5%;
--- Absolute pressure:±1%;
--- fuel gas and discharge water temperature:±1K;
---Tail gas temperature:±4K.
10 Test conditions
10.1 Laboratory conditions
Unless otherwise specified, performance tests shall be carried out in the following specified environment:
--- Temperature: 20°C ± 5°C;
---Humidity: 65% ± 20% relative humidity;
---Pressure: between 91kPa (absolute) and 106kPa (absolute).
The environmental conditions in the laboratory during the test should be measured during each test. As air quality may affect the performance of the fuel cell power system, laboratory air components (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, etc.) should be reported together with the test results.
10.2 Installation and operating conditions of the system
The fuel cell power system shall be installed and operated in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions prior to the commencement of the test.
11 Fuel consumption test
11.1 Hydrogen fuel consumption test
11.1.1 General rules
The purpose of this test is to measure the hydrogen fuel input at rated output power. This test shall be carried out in conjunction with the electrical power output test specified in chapter 12.
11.1.2 Test method
The hydrogen combustion consumption test is performed as follows:
a) Before the test starts, the system is operated at rated output for at least 30 min;
b) For systems containing electrochemical batteries, treat the batteries as described in 10.3;
c) Start the test by maintaining the system at rated electrical output;
d) Measure the fuel temperature, fuel pressure and cumulative fuel input flow (volume or mass). Each measurement should be taken for at least 60 minutes.
12 Electrical power output test
12.1 General rules
This test measures the average electrical power output at rated power output. If the manufacturer specifies operation at 50%, 75% partial load and or minimum electrical power output, these operating points shall also be measured.
This test shall be carried out in conjunction with the fuel consumption test specified in chapter 11.
12.2 Test method
The electrical power output test shall be carried out as follows.
a) Before starting the test, the system shall be operated at rated output for at least 30 minutes.
b) For systems containing a battery, the battery is treated as described in 10.3 before the test starts.
c) Start the test with the system running at rated electrical output. If the manufacturer specifies operation at 50%, 75% partial load and
or at the lowest electrical power output, repeat the test under these conditions.
d) Measure the electrical power output during the test. If fuel is supplied intermittently, the total test duration should be 20 times the duration of the fuel supply or 3 h, whichever is longer.
13 Power stability in operation
13.1 General rules
The purpose of this test is to determine the stability of the power output of the fuel cell power system when operating under actual vehicle driving conditions.
14 Environmental performance type test
14.1 Overview
The environmental performance type test comprises:
--Noise test (14.2);
--The exhaust gas test (14.3).
15 Operating performance type test
15.1 Maximum output power test
15.1.1 General provisions
The purpose of this test is to determine the maximum electrical load that can be maintained immediately after start-up of the fuel cell. In one case the test is carried out on a fuel cell that has been in a pre-processed state for a period of time. In the other case, the test is conducted with the fuel cell switched off after a period of operation at rated load, and then with the fuel cell started at maximum continuous load.
16 Test report
16.1 General rules
The test report shall present the test information in an accurate, clear and objective manner to demonstrate that all test objectives have been met. The test report shall have at least a title page, a table of contents and a summary report.
The information measured in Chapters 11 and 12 may be provided in a detailed report and/or a full report for internal use. A guide to the content of the detailed and full reports is provided in Appendix B.
Appendix A (informative) Calorific values of hydrogen and methanol at standard conditions
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terminology and definitions
4 Symbols
5 Standard conditions
6 Calorific value basis
7 General requirements for test preparation
To meet the target uncertainty, the duration and frequency of the readings shall be determined and data recording equipment shall be prepared in advance of the performance test.
8 Test set-up
9 Minimum requirements for measurement system uncertainty
10 Test conditions
11 Fuel consumption test
12 Electrical power output test
13 Power stability in operation
14 Environmental performance type test
15 Operating performance type test
16 Test report
Appendix A (informative) Calorific values of hydrogen and methanol at standard conditions
1 Scope
This document specifies the performance test methods for fuel cell power systems for electrically driven industrial vehicles.
This document applies to electrically driven industrial vehicles, such as material handling equipment, forklift trucks, etc., using fuel cell power generation systems fuelled by gaseous hydrogen or direct methanol.
This document applies to DC-type fuel cell power systems with a rated output voltage of up to 150 V for indoor and outdoor use.
This document applies to fuel cell power systems as defined in 3.7 and Figure 1.
This document does not apply to fuel cell power systems equipped with reformers, hybrid vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and fuel cell power systems used in potentially explosive atmospheres.
This document covers fuel cell power systems where the fuel source container is permanently attached to an industrial vehicle or fuel cell power system.
The use of removable fuel source containers is not permitted.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this document by means of normative references in the text. Where a reference is dated, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; where a reference is not dated, the latest version (including all amendment sheets) applies to this document.
GB/T 19753-2021 Test method for energy consumption of light hybrid electric vehicles
GB/Z 23751.3-2013 Micro fuel cell power generation systems Part 3: Fuel container interchangeability (IEC 62282-6-300:2009, IDT)
GB/T 27748.4-2017 Stationary fuel cell power generation systems Part 4: Performance test methods for small fuel cell power generation systems (IEC 62282-3-201:2013,IDT)
3 Terminology and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Noise level
The sound pressure level generated by a fuel cell power system in all modes of operation, measured at a given distance.
Note: Expressed in decibels (dB) and measured in accordance with 14.2.
3.2
Background noise level
The sound pressure level of the ambient noise at the measurement point.
Note: 14.2 This measurement method is used and described for fuel cell power systems in the cold state.
3.3
Storage battery
An electrochemical energy storage device used to provide energy input to support an auxiliary load and/or to provide electrical output.
Note: Does not include back-up batteries for control software memory and similar applications.
3.4
Cold state
A state in which a fuel cell power system is at ambient temperature with neither energy input nor energy output.
4 Symbols
The following symbols apply to this document.
Tables 1 and 2 give the symbols used in this document for electrical/thermal performance and environmental performance, their meanings and the corresponding units, respectively.
5 Standard conditions
The standard conditions are specified as follows:
---Standard temperature:Ts=273.15K (0°C);
--- Standard pressure: ps = 101.325 kPa (absolute).
6 Calorific value basis
Unless otherwise specified, the calorific value of the fuel shall be the low heating value (LHV) or similar.
Note: The low heating value (LHV) and high heating value (HHV) for hydrogen and methanol are given in Appendix A.
7 General requirements for test preparation
7.1 General rules
For each test, a high precision instrument should be selected and the test should be carefully planned with attention to detail to minimise uncertainty.
A detailed test plan based on this document shall be prepared by the test participants and a written test plan shall be prepared.
7.2 Data acquisition programme
To meet the target uncertainty, the duration and frequency of the readings shall be determined and data recording equipment shall be prepared in advance of the performance test.
8 Test set-up
Figures 2 and 3 give examples of the test setups required for testing fuel cell power systems using hydrogen and methanol fuels respectively. The fuel cell power generation system is connected to an electronic load.
a Connected to a collection device to measure volume (or mass), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
b Connected to the collection device for composition analysis.
Figure 2 Example of a hydrogen fuel cell test setup
Note: Refer to the symbols in Figure 2 for descriptions.
a Connected to the collection device to measure volume (or mass), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
b Connected to the collection device for composition analysis.
Figure 3 Example of a methanol fuel cell test set-up
9 Minimum requirements for measurement system uncertainty
The recommended system measurement uncertainties for the equipment are as follows, given as a percentage of the measured/calculated value or as an absolute value:
---Electric power: ±1%;
---Electric power: ±1%;
---Fuel gas flow: ±1%;
---Accumulated gas flow: ±1%;
---Time:±0.5%;
--- Liquid fuel mass:±1% of the determined mass (without the mass of the fuel tank) as described in GB/T 27748.4-2017;
--- Relative humidity:±5%;
--- Absolute pressure:±1%;
--- fuel gas and discharge water temperature:±1K;
---Tail gas temperature:±4K.
10 Test conditions
10.1 Laboratory conditions
Unless otherwise specified, performance tests shall be carried out in the following specified environment:
--- Temperature: 20°C ± 5°C;
---Humidity: 65% ± 20% relative humidity;
---Pressure: between 91kPa (absolute) and 106kPa (absolute).
The environmental conditions in the laboratory during the test should be measured during each test. As air quality may affect the performance of the fuel cell power system, laboratory air components (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, etc.) should be reported together with the test results.
10.2 Installation and operating conditions of the system
The fuel cell power system shall be installed and operated in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions prior to the commencement of the test.
11 Fuel consumption test
11.1 Hydrogen fuel consumption test
11.1.1 General rules
The purpose of this test is to measure the hydrogen fuel input at rated output power. This test shall be carried out in conjunction with the electrical power output test specified in chapter 12.
11.1.2 Test method
The hydrogen combustion consumption test is performed as follows:
a) Before the test starts, the system is operated at rated output for at least 30 min;
b) For systems containing electrochemical batteries, treat the batteries as described in 10.3;
c) Start the test by maintaining the system at rated electrical output;
d) Measure the fuel temperature, fuel pressure and cumulative fuel input flow (volume or mass). Each measurement should be taken for at least 60 minutes.
12 Electrical power output test
12.1 General rules
This test measures the average electrical power output at rated power output. If the manufacturer specifies operation at 50%, 75% partial load and or minimum electrical power output, these operating points shall also be measured.
This test shall be carried out in conjunction with the fuel consumption test specified in chapter 11.
12.2 Test method
The electrical power output test shall be carried out as follows.
a) Before starting the test, the system shall be operated at rated output for at least 30 minutes.
b) For systems containing a battery, the battery is treated as described in 10.3 before the test starts.
c) Start the test with the system running at rated electrical output. If the manufacturer specifies operation at 50%, 75% partial load and
or at the lowest electrical power output, repeat the test under these conditions.
d) Measure the electrical power output during the test. If fuel is supplied intermittently, the total test duration should be 20 times the duration of the fuel supply or 3 h, whichever is longer.
13 Power stability in operation
13.1 General rules
The purpose of this test is to determine the stability of the power output of the fuel cell power system when operating under actual vehicle driving conditions.
14 Environmental performance type test
14.1 Overview
The environmental performance type test comprises:
--Noise test (14.2);
--The exhaust gas test (14.3).
15 Operating performance type test
15.1 Maximum output power test
15.1.1 General provisions
The purpose of this test is to determine the maximum electrical load that can be maintained immediately after start-up of the fuel cell. In one case the test is carried out on a fuel cell that has been in a pre-processed state for a period of time. In the other case, the test is conducted with the fuel cell switched off after a period of operation at rated load, and then with the fuel cell started at maximum continuous load.
16 Test report
16.1 General rules
The test report shall present the test information in an accurate, clear and objective manner to demonstrate that all test objectives have been met. The test report shall have at least a title page, a table of contents and a summary report.
The information measured in Chapters 11 and 12 may be provided in a detailed report and/or a full report for internal use. A guide to the content of the detailed and full reports is provided in Appendix B.
Appendix A (informative) Calorific values of hydrogen and methanol at standard conditions
Contents of GB/T 41134.2-2021
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terminology and definitions
4 Symbols
5 Standard conditions
6 Calorific value basis
7 General requirements for test preparation
To meet the target uncertainty, the duration and frequency of the readings shall be determined and data recording equipment shall be prepared in advance of the performance test.
8 Test set-up
9 Minimum requirements for measurement system uncertainty
10 Test conditions
11 Fuel consumption test
12 Electrical power output test
13 Power stability in operation
14 Environmental performance type test
15 Operating performance type test
16 Test report
Appendix A (informative) Calorific values of hydrogen and methanol at standard conditions
