GB/T 150.1-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 1: General requirements
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the general requirements for the material, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance of metal pressure vessels.
1.2 This document applies to the following design pressure:
a) The design pressure of steel vessel is not greater than 35 MPa;
b) The design pressure of vessels made of other metallic materials shall be determined according to the corresponding normative references.
1.3 This document applies to the following design temperature:
a) Design temperature range: -269°C~900°C;
b) The design temperature range of steel vessels shall meet the allowable operating temperature range of materials listed in GB/T 150.2.
c) The design temperature range of vessels made of other metallic materials shall be determined according to the allowable operating temperature of the materials listed in the corresponding normative references of this document.
1.4 This document applies to the following structural forms:
a) The structural forms of steel vessels, to which this document applies, shall meet the corresponding provisions of this document and GB/T 150.2 ~ GB/T 150.4.
b) For the vessels with specific structures and vessels made of aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel and nickel alloys and zirconium within the application scope of this document, the structural form and application scope shall meet the corresponding requirements of the following standards:
1) GB/T 151 Heat exchangers;
2) GB/T 12337 Steel spherical tanks;
3) JB/T 4734 Aluminium welded vessels;
4) JB/T 4755 Copper pressure vessels;
5) JB/T 4756 Nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels;
6) NB/T 11270 Titanium pressure vessels;
7) NB/T 47011 Zirconium pressure vessels;
8) NB/T 47041 Vertical vessels supported by skirt;
9) NB/T 47042 Horizontal vessels on saddle supports.
1.5 This document does not apply to the following vessels:
a) Vessels with a design pressure less than 0.1 MPa and degree of vacuum less than 0.02 MPa;
b) Vessels within the scope of Supervision regulation on safety technology for transportable pressure vessel;
c) Pressure chambers (e.g. pump casings, compressor housings, turbine enclosure, hydraulic cylinders, papermaking rolls, etc.) as a whole or part in rotating or reciprocating mechanical equipment;
d) Vessels with neutron radiation damage failure risk in nuclear-energy plant;
e) Vessels subjected to direct flame heating;
f) Vessels with an inner diameter (for non-circular sections, it refers to the largest geometric dimension of the inner boundary of the section, e.g.: diagonal of a rectangle and major axis of ellipse) less than 150mm;
g) Glass-lined vessels and vessels with other national standards or professional standards in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
1.6 Boundary scope of vessels:
a) Connections between the vessel and the external tubes:
1) The groove end face of the first circumferential joint in welded connection;
2) The end face of the first threaded joint in threaded connection;
3) The first flange sealing surface in flange connection;
4) The first sealing surface connected with special connecting pieces or pipe fittings.
b) Pressure closure, flat covers and fasteners for nozzles, manholes, handholes, etc.
c) The connection welds between pressure parts and non-pressure parts.
d) Non-pressure parts directly connected to the vessels, e.g. support, skirt, etc.
e) Pressure relief devices of vessels.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 150.2 Pressure vessels - Part 2: Materials
GB/T 150.3 Pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
GB/T 150.4 Pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance
GB/T 151 Heat exchangers
GB/T 567 (All parts) Bursting disc safety devices
GB/T 4732 (All parts) Pressure vessels design by analysis
GB/T 12241 Safety valves - General requirements
GB/T 12243 Spring loaded safety valves
GB/T 12337 Steel spherical tanks
GB/T 26929 Terminology for pressure vessels
GB/T 42594 Guidelines for classification on hazard of medium in pressure equipment
JB/T 4734 Aluminium welded vessels
JB/T 4755 Copper pressure vessels
JB/T 4756 Nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels
NB/T 11270 Titanium pressure vessels
NB/T 47002 (All parts) Clad plate for pressure vessel
NB/T 47011 Zirconium pressure vessels
NB/T 47041 Vertical vessels supported by skirt
NB/T 47042 Horizontal vessels on saddle supports
TSG 21 Supervision regulation on safety technology for stationary pressure vessel
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 26929 and the following apply.
3.1.1
pressure
force acting vertically on a unit surface area of a vessel
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, it refers to gauge pressure in this document.
3.1.2
volume
geometric volume of a pressure vessel
Note: It is calculated according to the dimensions indicated on the design drawings (regardless of fabrication tolerances) and rounded off. Generally, it is necessary to deduct the volume of internal components permanently connected to the inside of the pressure vessel.
3.1.3
operating pressure
maximum possible pressure on the top of a vessel under normal operating conditions
3.1.4
design pressure
maximum pressure set at the top of a vessel
Note: Design pressure, together with the corresponding design temperature, is taken as the basic design load conditions of a vessel and is not lower than the operating pressure.
3.1.5
calculation pressure
pressure used to determine the thickness of the part under the corresponding design temperature
Note: The calculation pressure includes surcharge load such as static pressure of liquid column.
3.1.6
test pressure
pressure on the top of a vessel during pressure test or leakage test
3.1.7
maximum allowable working pressure; MAWP
maximum pressure allowed on the vessel top at corresponding specific temperature
Note: It is calculated according to the effective thickness of each pressure part of the vessel and by taking into account all the loads borne by the part, and the minimum value is taken. When the maximum allowable working pressure is not indicated in the design document of the pressure vessel, the design pressure of the vessel is considered to be the maximum allowable working pressure.
3.1.8
design temperature
set metal temperature of part, i.e. the average temperature along the metal section of the part, under normal operating conditions of vessel
Note: The design temperature, together with the design pressure, is taken as the design load conditions. The upper limit of the design temperature is called the maximum design temperature, while the lower limit of the design temperature is called the minimum design temperature.
3.1.9
test temperature
metal temperature of the vessel shell during pressure test or leakage test
3.1.10
required thickness
thickness calculated using corresponding equation in this document
Note: If necessary, the thickness required by other loads shall also be taken into account (see 5.3.2). For parts under external pressure, it refers to the minimum thickness that meets the stability requirements.
3.1.11
design thickness
sum of required thickness and corrosion allowance
3.1.12
nominal thickness
sum of design thickness and negative deviation of material thickness, rounded up to the thickness under the standard specification of material
3.1.13
effective thickness
thickness obtained by deducting the corrosion allowance and negative deviation of material thickness from the nominal thickness
3.1.14
minimum required fabrication thickness
minimum thickness required to ensure meeting the design requirements after the pressure part is fabricated
3.1.15
low-temperature pressure vessel
vessels made of non-alloy steel, low alloy steel, duplex stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel with a design temperature less than -20°C and those made of austenitic stainless steel with a design temperature less than -196°C
3.1.16
failure mode
event in which vessels lose their specified functions or endanger safety and its essential cause
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
C——the additional thickness, mm;
C1——the negative deviation of material thickness, as specified in 5.3.6.2, mm;
C2——the corrosion allowance, as specified in 5.3.6.3, mm;
Et——the elasticity modulus of material at design temperature, MPa;
L——the length of cylinder, mm;
nab——the design safety factor of axial compression cylinder;
p——the design pressure, MPa;
pT——the minimum test pressure, MPa;
ReL——the yield strength of material at standard room temperature, MPa;
Rm——the lower limit of standard tensile strength of material, MPa;
Ro——the external radius of cylinder, mm;
Rp0.2——the strength of material at standard room temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 0.2%, MPa;
Rp1.0——the strength of material at standard room temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 1.0%, MPa;
——the yield strength of material at the design temperature, MPa;
——the strength of material at the design temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 0.2%, MPa;
——the strength of material at the design temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 1.0%, MPa;
——the average endurance strength of material at the design temperature after fracture for 105h, MPa;
——the average creep limit of material at the design temperature after 1% creep for 105h, MPa;
σacr——the critical stress of axial compression of an ideal cylinder, MPa;
σcr——the critical stress of axial compression of an ideal elastic cylinder, MPa;
σT——the stress of pressure part at test pressure, MPa;
[σ]——the allowable stress for the vessel part material at the pressure test temperature, MPa;
[σ]t——the allowable stress for the vessel part material at the design temperature, MPa;
——the allowable stress of substrate material at design temperature, MPa;
——the allowable stress of cladding material at design temperature, MPa;
——the allowable axial compressive stress of cylinder at design temperature, MPa;
β——the plasticity influence coefficient of material;
ρ——the critical stress reduction factor of axial compression of cylinder;
ν——the Poisson's ratio of a material;
δ1——the nominal thickness of substrate material, mm;
δ2——the thickness of cladding material, with the corrosion allowance not included, mm;
δe——the effective thickness of cylinder or sphere, mm;
ω——the structural characteristic parameter of a cylinder;
ωE——the boundary point between the second and third types of buckling of a cylinder;
ωP——the boundary point between the first and second types of buckling of a cylinder;
φ——the welded joint coefficient.
4 Failure mode
The main failure modes usually considered in vessel construction are as follows.
a) Short term failure modes: brittle fracture, ductile fracture (e.g. plastic collapse, excessive local strains), excessive deformation and buckling.
Note: Excessive deformation will lead to media leakage or loss of other functions at flanges and other connections.
b) Long term failure modes: creep rupture, creep excessive deformation, buckling instability, corrosion and erosion, and environmentally assisted cracking.
c) Cyclic failure modes: ratcheting or progressive plastic deformation, alternating plasticity, fatigue, environmentally assisted fatigue.
5 Basic requirements
5.1 General
5.1.1 In addition to the requirements of this document and GB/T 150.2~GB/T 150.4, the design, fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance of the steel vessels shall also comply with the relevant laws and regulations of the nation as well as safety technical specifications. Pressure vessels constructed in accordance with the requirements of this document and GB/T 150.2 ~ GB/T 150.4 can meet the basic safety requirements of TSG 21. The declaration of conformity of the standard is as shown in Annex A. Pressure relief device of a vessel is shown in Annex B.
5.1.2 For the vessels with specific structure and vessels made of aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel and nickel alloy and zirconium , the design, fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance shall not only meet the provisions of 5.1.1, but also meet the corresponding requirements of GB/T 151, GB/T 12337, NB/T 47041, NB/T 47042, JB/T 4734, JB/T 4755, JB/T 4756, NB/T 11270 and NB/T 47011. Low-temperature pressure vessels shall meet the relevant requirements of GB 150.2 ~ GB/T 150.4.
5.1.3 The designer and manufacturer of the vessels shall establish and effectively implement a sound quality management system.
5.1.4 The design and fabrication of pressure vessels within the scope specified in TSG 21 shall be supervised by the special equipment safety supervision body.
5.1.5 The classification of vessels is determined by medium grouping, volume and design pressure according to the provisions of TSG 21. Media hazard shall be classified according to the requirements of GB/T 42594.
5.1.6 For the vessels or pressure parts with the structural dimensions that cannot be determined according to GB/T 150.3, they can be designed by the following methods:
a) Confirmatory experimental analysis, e.g. experimental stress analysis and confirmatory hydraulic pressure test, with the specific requirements complying with Annex C;
b) Comparative empirical design using comparable proven structures, with the specific requirements complying with Annex D;
c) Stress analysis, calculation and assessment including numerical analysis method, with the specific requirements complying with Annex E.
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
4 Failure mode
5 Basic requirements
Annex A (Normative) Declaration of conformity and revision of the standard
Annex B (Normative) Pressure relief device
Annex C (Normative) Determination of vessel design pressure by confirmatory blasting test
Annex D (Normative) Comparative experience design
Annex E (Normative) Analysis and evaluation of local structural stress
Annex F (Normative) Risk assessment report
GB/T 150.1-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 1: General requirements
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the general requirements for the material, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance of metal pressure vessels.
1.2 This document applies to the following design pressure:
a) The design pressure of steel vessel is not greater than 35 MPa;
b) The design pressure of vessels made of other metallic materials shall be determined according to the corresponding normative references.
1.3 This document applies to the following design temperature:
a) Design temperature range: -269°C~900°C;
b) The design temperature range of steel vessels shall meet the allowable operating temperature range of materials listed in GB/T 150.2.
c) The design temperature range of vessels made of other metallic materials shall be determined according to the allowable operating temperature of the materials listed in the corresponding normative references of this document.
1.4 This document applies to the following structural forms:
a) The structural forms of steel vessels, to which this document applies, shall meet the corresponding provisions of this document and GB/T 150.2 ~ GB/T 150.4.
b) For the vessels with specific structures and vessels made of aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel and nickel alloys and zirconium within the application scope of this document, the structural form and application scope shall meet the corresponding requirements of the following standards:
1) GB/T 151 Heat exchangers;
2) GB/T 12337 Steel spherical tanks;
3) JB/T 4734 Aluminium welded vessels;
4) JB/T 4755 Copper pressure vessels;
5) JB/T 4756 Nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels;
6) NB/T 11270 Titanium pressure vessels;
7) NB/T 47011 Zirconium pressure vessels;
8) NB/T 47041 Vertical vessels supported by skirt;
9) NB/T 47042 Horizontal vessels on saddle supports.
1.5 This document does not apply to the following vessels:
a) Vessels with a design pressure less than 0.1 MPa and degree of vacuum less than 0.02 MPa;
b) Vessels within the scope of Supervision regulation on safety technology for transportable pressure vessel;
c) Pressure chambers (e.g. pump casings, compressor housings, turbine enclosure, hydraulic cylinders, papermaking rolls, etc.) as a whole or part in rotating or reciprocating mechanical equipment;
d) Vessels with neutron radiation damage failure risk in nuclear-energy plant;
e) Vessels subjected to direct flame heating;
f) Vessels with an inner diameter (for non-circular sections, it refers to the largest geometric dimension of the inner boundary of the section, e.g.: diagonal of a rectangle and major axis of ellipse) less than 150mm;
g) Glass-lined vessels and vessels with other national standards or professional standards in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
1.6 Boundary scope of vessels:
a) Connections between the vessel and the external tubes:
1) The groove end face of the first circumferential joint in welded connection;
2) The end face of the first threaded joint in threaded connection;
3) The first flange sealing surface in flange connection;
4) The first sealing surface connected with special connecting pieces or pipe fittings.
b) Pressure closure, flat covers and fasteners for nozzles, manholes, handholes, etc.
c) The connection welds between pressure parts and non-pressure parts.
d) Non-pressure parts directly connected to the vessels, e.g. support, skirt, etc.
e) Pressure relief devices of vessels.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 150.2 Pressure vessels - Part 2: Materials
GB/T 150.3 Pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
GB/T 150.4 Pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance
GB/T 151 Heat exchangers
GB/T 567 (All parts) Bursting disc safety devices
GB/T 4732 (All parts) Pressure vessels design by analysis
GB/T 12241 Safety valves - General requirements
GB/T 12243 Spring loaded safety valves
GB/T 12337 Steel spherical tanks
GB/T 26929 Terminology for pressure vessels
GB/T 42594 Guidelines for classification on hazard of medium in pressure equipment
JB/T 4734 Aluminium welded vessels
JB/T 4755 Copper pressure vessels
JB/T 4756 Nickel and nickel alloy pressure vessels
NB/T 11270 Titanium pressure vessels
NB/T 47002 (All parts) Clad plate for pressure vessel
NB/T 47011 Zirconium pressure vessels
NB/T 47041 Vertical vessels supported by skirt
NB/T 47042 Horizontal vessels on saddle supports
TSG 21 Supervision regulation on safety technology for stationary pressure vessel
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 26929 and the following apply.
3.1.1
pressure
force acting vertically on a unit surface area of a vessel
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, it refers to gauge pressure in this document.
3.1.2
volume
geometric volume of a pressure vessel
Note: It is calculated according to the dimensions indicated on the design drawings (regardless of fabrication tolerances) and rounded off. Generally, it is necessary to deduct the volume of internal components permanently connected to the inside of the pressure vessel.
3.1.3
operating pressure
maximum possible pressure on the top of a vessel under normal operating conditions
3.1.4
design pressure
maximum pressure set at the top of a vessel
Note: Design pressure, together with the corresponding design temperature, is taken as the basic design load conditions of a vessel and is not lower than the operating pressure.
3.1.5
calculation pressure
pressure used to determine the thickness of the part under the corresponding design temperature
Note: The calculation pressure includes surcharge load such as static pressure of liquid column.
3.1.6
test pressure
pressure on the top of a vessel during pressure test or leakage test
3.1.7
maximum allowable working pressure; MAWP
maximum pressure allowed on the vessel top at corresponding specific temperature
Note: It is calculated according to the effective thickness of each pressure part of the vessel and by taking into account all the loads borne by the part, and the minimum value is taken. When the maximum allowable working pressure is not indicated in the design document of the pressure vessel, the design pressure of the vessel is considered to be the maximum allowable working pressure.
3.1.8
design temperature
set metal temperature of part, i.e. the average temperature along the metal section of the part, under normal operating conditions of vessel
Note: The design temperature, together with the design pressure, is taken as the design load conditions. The upper limit of the design temperature is called the maximum design temperature, while the lower limit of the design temperature is called the minimum design temperature.
3.1.9
test temperature
metal temperature of the vessel shell during pressure test or leakage test
3.1.10
required thickness
thickness calculated using corresponding equation in this document
Note: If necessary, the thickness required by other loads shall also be taken into account (see 5.3.2). For parts under external pressure, it refers to the minimum thickness that meets the stability requirements.
3.1.11
design thickness
sum of required thickness and corrosion allowance
3.1.12
nominal thickness
sum of design thickness and negative deviation of material thickness, rounded up to the thickness under the standard specification of material
3.1.13
effective thickness
thickness obtained by deducting the corrosion allowance and negative deviation of material thickness from the nominal thickness
3.1.14
minimum required fabrication thickness
minimum thickness required to ensure meeting the design requirements after the pressure part is fabricated
3.1.15
low-temperature pressure vessel
vessels made of non-alloy steel, low alloy steel, duplex stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel with a design temperature less than -20°C and those made of austenitic stainless steel with a design temperature less than -196°C
3.1.16
failure mode
event in which vessels lose their specified functions or endanger safety and its essential cause
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
C——the additional thickness, mm;
C1——the negative deviation of material thickness, as specified in 5.3.6.2, mm;
C2——the corrosion allowance, as specified in 5.3.6.3, mm;
Et——the elasticity modulus of material at design temperature, MPa;
L——the length of cylinder, mm;
nab——the design safety factor of axial compression cylinder;
p——the design pressure, MPa;
pT——the minimum test pressure, MPa;
ReL——the yield strength of material at standard room temperature, MPa;
Rm——the lower limit of standard tensile strength of material, MPa;
Ro——the external radius of cylinder, mm;
Rp0.2——the strength of material at standard room temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 0.2%, MPa;
Rp1.0——the strength of material at standard room temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 1.0%, MPa;
——the yield strength of material at the design temperature, MPa;
——the strength of material at the design temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 0.2%, MPa;
——the strength of material at the design temperature when the non-proportional elongation is specified at 1.0%, MPa;
——the average endurance strength of material at the design temperature after fracture for 105h, MPa;
——the average creep limit of material at the design temperature after 1% creep for 105h, MPa;
σacr——the critical stress of axial compression of an ideal cylinder, MPa;
σcr——the critical stress of axial compression of an ideal elastic cylinder, MPa;
σT——the stress of pressure part at test pressure, MPa;
[σ]——the allowable stress for the vessel part material at the pressure test temperature, MPa;
[σ]t——the allowable stress for the vessel part material at the design temperature, MPa;
——the allowable stress of substrate material at design temperature, MPa;
——the allowable stress of cladding material at design temperature, MPa;
——the allowable axial compressive stress of cylinder at design temperature, MPa;
β——the plasticity influence coefficient of material;
ρ——the critical stress reduction factor of axial compression of cylinder;
ν——the Poisson's ratio of a material;
δ1——the nominal thickness of substrate material, mm;
δ2——the thickness of cladding material, with the corrosion allowance not included, mm;
δe——the effective thickness of cylinder or sphere, mm;
ω——the structural characteristic parameter of a cylinder;
ωE——the boundary point between the second and third types of buckling of a cylinder;
ωP——the boundary point between the first and second types of buckling of a cylinder;
φ——the welded joint coefficient.
4 Failure mode
The main failure modes usually considered in vessel construction are as follows.
a) Short term failure modes: brittle fracture, ductile fracture (e.g. plastic collapse, excessive local strains), excessive deformation and buckling.
Note: Excessive deformation will lead to media leakage or loss of other functions at flanges and other connections.
b) Long term failure modes: creep rupture, creep excessive deformation, buckling instability, corrosion and erosion, and environmentally assisted cracking.
c) Cyclic failure modes: ratcheting or progressive plastic deformation, alternating plasticity, fatigue, environmentally assisted fatigue.
5 Basic requirements
5.1 General
5.1.1 In addition to the requirements of this document and GB/T 150.2~GB/T 150.4, the design, fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance of the steel vessels shall also comply with the relevant laws and regulations of the nation as well as safety technical specifications. Pressure vessels constructed in accordance with the requirements of this document and GB/T 150.2 ~ GB/T 150.4 can meet the basic safety requirements of TSG 21. The declaration of conformity of the standard is as shown in Annex A. Pressure relief device of a vessel is shown in Annex B.
5.1.2 For the vessels with specific structure and vessels made of aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel and nickel alloy and zirconium , the design, fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance shall not only meet the provisions of 5.1.1, but also meet the corresponding requirements of GB/T 151, GB/T 12337, NB/T 47041, NB/T 47042, JB/T 4734, JB/T 4755, JB/T 4756, NB/T 11270 and NB/T 47011. Low-temperature pressure vessels shall meet the relevant requirements of GB 150.2 ~ GB/T 150.4.
5.1.3 The designer and manufacturer of the vessels shall establish and effectively implement a sound quality management system.
5.1.4 The design and fabrication of pressure vessels within the scope specified in TSG 21 shall be supervised by the special equipment safety supervision body.
5.1.5 The classification of vessels is determined by medium grouping, volume and design pressure according to the provisions of TSG 21. Media hazard shall be classified according to the requirements of GB/T 42594.
5.1.6 For the vessels or pressure parts with the structural dimensions that cannot be determined according to GB/T 150.3, they can be designed by the following methods:
a) Confirmatory experimental analysis, e.g. experimental stress analysis and confirmatory hydraulic pressure test, with the specific requirements complying with Annex C;
b) Comparative empirical design using comparable proven structures, with the specific requirements complying with Annex D;
c) Stress analysis, calculation and assessment including numerical analysis method, with the specific requirements complying with Annex E.
Contents of GB/T 150.1-2024
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
4 Failure mode
5 Basic requirements
Annex A (Normative) Declaration of conformity and revision of the standard
Annex B (Normative) Pressure relief device
Annex C (Normative) Determination of vessel design pressure by confirmatory blasting test
Annex D (Normative) Comparative experience design
Annex E (Normative) Analysis and evaluation of local structural stress
Annex F (Normative) Risk assessment report
