1.0.1 This specification is formulated to adapt the development of membrane structure, implement the national technical economy policy and achieve technical advancement, economic rationality, safety applicability and ensured quality.
1.0.2 This specification is applicable to the design, manufacture, erection, acceptance and maintenance of membrane structure.
1.0.3 The design, manufacture, erection, acceptance and maintenance of membrane structure shall not only meet the requirements of this specification, but also meet those specified in relevant current national standards.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Membrane structure
Building or structure composed of membrane material and other member.
2.1.2 Substrate
High-strength fabric woven with glass fiber or polyester fiber.
2.1.3 Coating
Polymer coating coated on the substrate to protect it.
2.1.4 Top coating
Additional surface coating preventing the membrane material from ultraviolet erosion and providing membrane material with self-cleaning function.
2.1.5 Membrane material
Coated fabric composed of substrate and polymer coating and thin membrane made of high-molecular polymer.
2.1.6 Tension cable
Tensile member provided with certain pretension force. E.g. steel cable (steel tendon, steel strand, steel wire rope and etc.) and nonmetal cable.
2.1.7 Membrane panel
Single membrane cut from membrane material.
2.1.8 Hot sealing
Connection method pressing the overlapping part of adjacent membrane panels together by heating and melting the surface coating of membrane material (for G and P type membrane material) or membrane material itself (for E type membrane material).
2.1.9 Membrane element
A piece of membrane connected with membrane panels and enclosed with flexible boundary or rigid boundary.
2.1.10 Nominal size of membrane element
Size of membrane element used in the case of determining the relative normal displacement of membrane surface in membrane element, for triangle membrane element, it is defined as 2/3 of the minimum side length; for quadrangle membrane element, it is defined as the minimum span passing through maximum displacement point.
2.1.11 Pretension force
Force applied to tension cable or membrane element in advance with machinery or other methods.
2.1.12 Initial state of form
White balance state of membrane structure after application of pretension.
2.1.13 Maximum operating pressure
The maximum inflation pressure used by air-supported membrane structure under extreme weather condition.
2.1.14 Minimum operating pressure
The minimum inflation pressure needed by the air-supported membrane structure to maintain the stability of structural system.
2.1.15 Normal operating pressure
The inflation pressure used by the air-supported membrane structure under normal condition, its value is between minimum operating pressure and maximum operating pressure.
2.1.16 First yield point, second yield point
Two different turning points on the stress-strain curve of E type membrane material.
2.2 Symbols
G - the dead load;
P - the initial pretension force;
p - the pressure of air-support membrane structure;
Q - the variable load;
W - the wind load;
γR - the partial coefficient of resistance;
σmax - the maximum principal stress;
σmin - the minimum principal stress;
σp - the minimum stress required to maintain curved surface;
f - the tensile strength design value of membrane material
fk - the tensile strength standard value of membrane material;
ζ - the strength reduction coefficient;
F - the tensile resistance design value of tension cable;
Ftk - the ultimate tensile resistance standard value of tension cable;
NX - the warp-wise load of cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
NY - the weft-wise load on cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
εX - the warp-wise strain of cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
εY - the weft-wise strain of cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
EX - the warp-wise elastic modulus of coated fabric membrane material;
EY - the weft-wise elastic modulus of coated fabric membrane material;
vX - the warp-wise Poisson's ratio of coated fabric membrane material;
vY - the weft-wise Poisson's ratio of coated fabric membrane material;
t - the membrane material thickness.
3 Basic Requirements of Design
3.1 Form of Membrane Structure
3.1.1 The form of membrane structure shall be selected through comprehensive analysis for architectural mode and support conditions; the following forms may be selected: integral tension membrane structure, framework-supported membrane structure, cable-supported membrane structure, air-supported membrane structure or the structure mixing the above forms.
3.1.2 For integral tension membrane structure, such members as mast may be used as supporting point and the anchor points are arranged around it so as to form a stable system through tension (Figure 3.1.2).
3.1.3 For framework-supported membrane structure , the steel member or other rigid structure shall be used as supporting frame, the membrane material stretched according to the design requirements is arranged on the framework (Figure 3.1.3).
3.1.4 For cable-supported membrane structure, the space cable shall be used as main supporting structure, the membrane material stretched according to the design requirements is arranged on the cable (Figure 3.1.4).
Figure 3.1.4 Cable-supported Membrane Structure
1 - cable; 2 - ring beam; 3 - membrane
3.1.5 Air-supported membrane structure shall be provided with airtight inflation space and air-charging device shall be equipped to maintain the pressure, curved surface required by the design is formed in virtue of pressure on membrane material, air-supported type, air-inflated rib type and air-cushioned type (Figure 3.1.5) may be adopted.
Foreword I 1 General Provisions 2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.2 Symbols 3 Basic Requirements of Design 3.1 Form of Membrane Structure 3.2 Architectural Design 3.3 Structural Design 4 Materials 4.1 Membrane Materials 4.2 Tension Cable and Anchor 5 Structural Calculation 5.1 General Requirements 5.2 Analysis of Initial State of Form 5.3 Analysis of Effects under Loads 5.4 Analysis of Pattern Cutting 6 Details for Connections 6.1 General Requirements 6.2 Connection between Membrane Materials 6.3 Connection between Membrane and Rigid Boundary 6.4 Connection between Membrane and Flexible Boundary 7 Manufacture 8 Erection 8.1 Erection of Steel Members and Tension Cables 8.2 Erection of Membrane Elements 8.3 Application of Pretension Force 9 Acceptance 10 Maintenance Appendix A Shape Factor of Wind Load for Typical Membrane Structure Appendix B Testing Method for Determining Yield Strength and Elastic Modulus of E Type Membrane Material Appendix C Testing Method for Determining Elastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of G and P Type Membrane Material Explanation of Wording in This Specification List of Quoted Standards
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This specification is formulated to adapt the development of membrane structure, implement the national technical economy policy and achieve technical advancement, economic rationality, safety applicability and ensured quality.
1.0.2 This specification is applicable to the design, manufacture, erection, acceptance and maintenance of membrane structure.
1.0.3 The design, manufacture, erection, acceptance and maintenance of membrane structure shall not only meet the requirements of this specification, but also meet those specified in relevant current national standards.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Membrane structure
Building or structure composed of membrane material and other member.
2.1.2 Substrate
High-strength fabric woven with glass fiber or polyester fiber.
2.1.3 Coating
Polymer coating coated on the substrate to protect it.
2.1.4 Top coating
Additional surface coating preventing the membrane material from ultraviolet erosion and providing membrane material with self-cleaning function.
2.1.5 Membrane material
Coated fabric composed of substrate and polymer coating and thin membrane made of high-molecular polymer.
2.1.6 Tension cable
Tensile member provided with certain pretension force. E.g. steel cable (steel tendon, steel strand, steel wire rope and etc.) and nonmetal cable.
2.1.7 Membrane panel
Single membrane cut from membrane material.
2.1.8 Hot sealing
Connection method pressing the overlapping part of adjacent membrane panels together by heating and melting the surface coating of membrane material (for G and P type membrane material) or membrane material itself (for E type membrane material).
2.1.9 Membrane element
A piece of membrane connected with membrane panels and enclosed with flexible boundary or rigid boundary.
2.1.10 Nominal size of membrane element
Size of membrane element used in the case of determining the relative normal displacement of membrane surface in membrane element, for triangle membrane element, it is defined as 2/3 of the minimum side length; for quadrangle membrane element, it is defined as the minimum span passing through maximum displacement point.
2.1.11 Pretension force
Force applied to tension cable or membrane element in advance with machinery or other methods.
2.1.12 Initial state of form
White balance state of membrane structure after application of pretension.
2.1.13 Maximum operating pressure
The maximum inflation pressure used by air-supported membrane structure under extreme weather condition.
2.1.14 Minimum operating pressure
The minimum inflation pressure needed by the air-supported membrane structure to maintain the stability of structural system.
2.1.15 Normal operating pressure
The inflation pressure used by the air-supported membrane structure under normal condition, its value is between minimum operating pressure and maximum operating pressure.
2.1.16 First yield point, second yield point
Two different turning points on the stress-strain curve of E type membrane material.
2.2 Symbols
G - the dead load;
P - the initial pretension force;
p - the pressure of air-support membrane structure;
Q - the variable load;
W - the wind load;
γR - the partial coefficient of resistance;
σmax - the maximum principal stress;
σmin - the minimum principal stress;
σp - the minimum stress required to maintain curved surface;
f - the tensile strength design value of membrane material
fk - the tensile strength standard value of membrane material;
ζ - the strength reduction coefficient;
F - the tensile resistance design value of tension cable;
Ftk - the ultimate tensile resistance standard value of tension cable;
NX - the warp-wise load of cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
NY - the weft-wise load on cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
εX - the warp-wise strain of cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
εY - the weft-wise strain of cross-shaped membrane material specimen;
EX - the warp-wise elastic modulus of coated fabric membrane material;
EY - the weft-wise elastic modulus of coated fabric membrane material;
vX - the warp-wise Poisson's ratio of coated fabric membrane material;
vY - the weft-wise Poisson's ratio of coated fabric membrane material;
t - the membrane material thickness.
3 Basic Requirements of Design
3.1 Form of Membrane Structure
3.1.1 The form of membrane structure shall be selected through comprehensive analysis for architectural mode and support conditions; the following forms may be selected: integral tension membrane structure, framework-supported membrane structure, cable-supported membrane structure, air-supported membrane structure or the structure mixing the above forms.
3.1.2 For integral tension membrane structure, such members as mast may be used as supporting point and the anchor points are arranged around it so as to form a stable system through tension (Figure 3.1.2).
Figure 3.1.2 Integral Tension Membrane Structure
1 - membrane; 2 - edge cable; 3 - ridge cable; 4 - mast; 5 - anchor point; 6 - valley cable; 7 - column
3.1.3 For framework-supported membrane structure , the steel member or other rigid structure shall be used as supporting frame, the membrane material stretched according to the design requirements is arranged on the framework (Figure 3.1.3).
Figure 3.1.3 Framework-supported Membrane Structure
1 - framework; 2 - membrane
3.1.4 For cable-supported membrane structure, the space cable shall be used as main supporting structure, the membrane material stretched according to the design requirements is arranged on the cable (Figure 3.1.4).
Figure 3.1.4 Cable-supported Membrane Structure
1 - cable; 2 - ring beam; 3 - membrane
3.1.5 Air-supported membrane structure shall be provided with airtight inflation space and air-charging device shall be equipped to maintain the pressure, curved surface required by the design is formed in virtue of pressure on membrane material, air-supported type, air-inflated rib type and air-cushioned type (Figure 3.1.5) may be adopted.
Contents of CECS 158-2015
Foreword I
1 General Provisions
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.2 Symbols
3 Basic Requirements of Design
3.1 Form of Membrane Structure
3.2 Architectural Design
3.3 Structural Design
4 Materials
4.1 Membrane Materials
4.2 Tension Cable and Anchor
5 Structural Calculation
5.1 General Requirements
5.2 Analysis of Initial State of Form
5.3 Analysis of Effects under Loads
5.4 Analysis of Pattern Cutting
6 Details for Connections
6.1 General Requirements
6.2 Connection between Membrane Materials
6.3 Connection between Membrane and Rigid Boundary
6.4 Connection between Membrane and Flexible Boundary
7 Manufacture
8 Erection
8.1 Erection of Steel Members and Tension Cables
8.2 Erection of Membrane Elements
8.3 Application of Pretension Force
9 Acceptance
10 Maintenance
Appendix A Shape Factor of Wind Load for Typical Membrane Structure
Appendix B Testing Method for Determining Yield Strength and Elastic Modulus of E Type Membrane Material
Appendix C Testing Method for Determining Elastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of G and P Type Membrane Material
Explanation of Wording in This Specification
List of Quoted Standards
