GB/T 8897.1-2021 Primary batteries—Part 1: General
GB/T 8897 consists of the following five parts, under the general title Primary Batteries:
— Part 1: General;
— Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications;
— Part 3: Watch Batteries;
— Part 4: Safety of Lithium Batteries;
— Part 5: Safety of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte.
This part is Part 1 of GB/T 8897.
This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 8897.1-2013 Primary Batteries — Part 1: General in whole, and the major technical changes have been made with respect to the GB/T 8897.1-2013:
— the definition of coin/button cell or battery is clarified in order to better address issues with the swallowing of coin cells (see 3.3 and 3.6; 3.3 of Edition 2013);
— details on capacity measurement are moved from Annex E to Subclause 5.1 (see 5.1; Annex E of Edition 2013).
— the number of test batteries is changed from 9 to 8, and calculate the average without the exclusion of any result (see 5.3; 5.3 of Edition 2013);
— the humidity conditions for non P-system batteries in Table 3 is modified (see 6.1; 6.1 of Edition 2013);
— the standard discharge voltage for the Y and W chemistries is added (see Annex G, G.3);
— the order of the Annexes is changed to the order in which they appear in the document and a caption is added to indicate where the Annex information first appears in the document;
— Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms is added (see Annex D);
— Annex E (Normative) Packaging and Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells is added (see Annex E);
— Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign is added (see Annex F).
This part was proposed by China National Light Industry Council.
This part is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee 176 on Primary Cells and Batteries of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 176).
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
— GB/T 8897-1988, GB/T 8897-1996;
— GB/T 8897.1-2003, GB/T 8897.1-2008, GB/T 8897.1-2013.
Primary Batteries — Part 1: General
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 8897 is intended to standardize primary batteries with respect to electrochemical systems, dimensions, nomenclature, terminal configurations, markings, test methods, typical performance, safety and environmental aspects. As a primary battery classification tool, electrochemical systems are also standardized with respect to system letter, electrodes, electrolyte, nominal and maximum open circuit voltage.
This part is applicable to the batteries that meet the requirements of Annex A to ensure that batteries from different manufacturers are interchangeable according to standard form, fit and function.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 8897.2-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications (IEC 60086-2:2015, MOD)
GB/T 8897.3-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 3: Watch Batteries (IEC 60086-3:2016, MOD)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
application test
simulation of the actual use of a battery in a specific application
3.2
battery
one or more cells electrically connected and fitted in a case, with terminals, markings and protective devices etc., as necessary for use
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-04, modified]
3.3
button (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
Note: In English, the term “button (cell or battery)” is only used for non-lithium batteries while the term “coin (cell or battery)” is used for lithium batteries only. In languages other than English, the terms “coin” and “button” are often used interchangeably, regardless of the electrochemical system.
3.4
cell
basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-01]
3.5
closed-circuit voltage (CCV)
voltage across the terminals of a battery when it is on discharge
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-28, modified.
3.6
coin (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
3.7
cylindrical (cell or battery)
round cell or battery in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
Note: IEC 60050-482: 2004, definition 482-02-39, modified.
3.8
discharge of a primary battery
operation during which a battery delivers current to an external circuit
3.9
dry (primary) battery
primary battery in which the liquid electrolyte is essentially immobilized
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-04-14, modified.
3.10
effective internal resistance – DC method
the internal d.c. resistance of any electrochemical cell is defined by the following relation:
3.11
end-point voltage; EV
specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-30]
3.12
leakage
unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-02-32]
3.13
minimum average duration; MAD
minimum average time on discharge which is met by a sample of batteries
Note: The discharge test is carried out according to the specified methods or standards and designed to show conformity with the standard applicable to the battery types.
3.14
nominal voltage (of a primary battery)
Un
suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an electrochemical system
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-31, modified.
3.15
open-circuit voltage; OCV
voltage across the terminals of a cell or battery when it is off discharge
3.16
primary (cell or battery)
cell or battery that is not designed to be electrically recharged
3.17
round (cell or battery)
cell or battery with circular cross section
3.1 8
service output (of a primary battery)
service life, or capacity, or energy output of a battery under specified conditions of discharge
3.1 9
service output test
test designed to measure the service output of a battery
Note: A service output test may be prescribed, for example, when:
a) an application test is too complex to replicate;
b) the duration of an application test would make it impractical for routine testing purposes .
3.20
small battery
cell or battery fitting entirely within the limits of the truncated cylinder as defined in Figure 1
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 1 Ingestion gauge (inner dimensions)
3.21
storage life
duration under specified conditions at the end of which a battery retains its ability to perform a specified service output
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-47, modified.
3.22
terminals (of a primary battery)
conductive parts of a battery that provide connection to an external circuit
3.23
explosion (battery explosion)
an instantaneous release wherein solid matter from any part of the battery is propelled to a distance greater than 25 cm away from the battery
4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 Design
When designing primary batteries, the aforementioned considerations shall be taken into account. Specifically, their dimensional conformity and stability, their physical and electrical performance and their safe operation under normal use and foreseeable mis-use conditions shall be assured.
Additional information on equipment design can be found in Annex B.
4.1.2 Battery dimensions
The dimensions for individual types of batteries are given in GB/T 8897.2-2021 and GB/T 8897.3-2021.
4.1.3 Terminals
4.1.3.1 General
Terminals shall be in accordance with Clause 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Their physical shape shall be designed in such a way that they ensure that the batteries make and maintain good electrical contact at all times.
They shall be made of materials that provide good electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
4.1.3.2 Contact pressure resistance
Where stated in the battery specification tables or the individual specification sheets in GB/T 8897.2-2021, the following applies a force of 10 N applied through a steel ball of 1 mm diameter at the centre of each contact area for a period of 10 s shall not cause any apparent deformation which might prevent satisfactory operation of the battery.
Note: See also GB/T 8897.3-2021 for exceptions.
4.1.3.3 Cap and base
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 1 to 4, Figure 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021 and which have the cylindrical side of the battery insulated from the terminals.
4.1.3.4 Cap and case
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 7 and 8 of GB/T 8897.2-2021, but in which the cylindrical side of the battery forms part of the positive terminal.
4.1.3.5 Screw terminals
This contact consists of a threaded rod in combination with either a metal or insulated metal nut.
4.1.3.6 Flat contacts
These are essentially flat metal surfaces adapted to make electrical contact by suitable contact mechanisms bearing against them.
4.1.3.7 Flat or spiral springs
These contacts comprise flat metal strips or spirally wound wires which are in a form that provides pressure contact.
4.1.3.8 Plug-in-sockets
These are made up of a suitable assembly of metal contacts, mounted in an insulated housing or holding device and adapted to receive corresponding pins of a mating plug.
4.1.3.9 Snap fasteners
4.1.3.9.1 General
These contacts are composed of a combination comprising a stud (non-resilient) for the positive terminal and a socket (resilient) for the negative terminal.
They shall be of suitable metal so as to provide efficient electrical connection when joined to the corresponding parts of an external circuit.
4.1.3.9.2 Snap fastener
This type of terminal consists of a stud for the positive terminal and a socket for the negative terminal. These shall be made from nickel plated steel or other suitable material. They shall be designed to provide a secure physical and electrical connection, when fitted with similar corresponding parts for connection to an electrical circuit.
4.1.3.10 Wire
Wire leads may be single or multi-strand flexible insulated tinned copper. The positive terminal wire covering shall be red and the negative black.
4.1.3.11 Other spring contacts or clips
These contacts are generally used on batteries when the corresponding parts of the external circuit are not precisely known. They shall be of spring brass or of other material having similar properties.
4.1.4 Classification (electrochemical system)
Primary batteries are classified according to their electrochemical system.
Each system, with the exception of the zinc-ammonium chloride, zinc chloride-manganese dioxide system, has been allocated a letter denoting the particular system.
The electrochemical systems that have been standardized up to now are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Standardized electrochemical systems
Letter Negative electrode Electrolyte Positive electrode Nominal voltage, Un
V Maximum open circuit voltage
V
No letter Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.73
A Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.55
B Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Carbon monofluoride (CF)x 3.0 3.7
C Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 3.0 3.7
E Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) 3.6 3.9
F Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Iron disulfide (FeS2) 1.5 1.90
G Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Copper (II) oxide (CuO) 1.5 2.3
L Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.68
P Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.59
S Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Silver oxide (Ag2O) 1.55 1.63
W Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 3.0 3.05
Y Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) 3.9 4.1
Z Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) 1.5 1.78
Note 1: The value of the nominal voltage is not verifiable; therefore it is only given as a reference.
Note 2: The maximum open-circuit voltage is measured as defined in 5.5 and 6.8.1.
Note 3: When referring to an electrochemical system, common protocol is to list negative electrode first, followed by positive electrode, i.e. lithium-iron disulfide.
4.1.5 Designation
The designation of primary batteries is based on their physical parameters, their electrochemical system as well as modifiers, if needed.
A comprehensive explanation of the designation system (nomenclature) can be found in Annex C.
4.1.6 Marking
4.1.6.1 General (see Table 2)
With the exception of small batteries (see 4.1.6.2), each battery shall be marked with the following information:
a) designation;
b) expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code;
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal;
d) nominal voltage;
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier;
f) trademark;
g) executive standard number;
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions).
Note: Examples of the common designations can be found in Annex E of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Table 2 Marking requirements
Marking Small batteries
Batteries with the exception of small batteries Other systems Small batteries
a) Designation A A C
b) Expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code A B B
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal A A D
d) nominal voltage; A B B
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier A B B
f) trademark A Ba Ba
g) executive standard number A Ba Ba
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions) A Ba Ba
A: shall be marked on the battery
B: may be marked on the immediate packing instead on the battery
C: may be marked on the battery, the sealing tab or the immediate packing
D: may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery
a Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given. Refer to 4.1.6.2 c) for details.
4.1.6.2 Marking of small batteries (see Table 2)
Small batteries are mainly Category 3 and Category 4 batteries in GB/T 8897.2-2021. The markings of small batteries are as follows:
a) Batteries designated in the IEC as small, mainly category 3 and category 4 batteries have a surface too small to accommodate all markings shown in 4.1.6.1. For these batteries the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery. All other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
b) For P-system batteries, 4.1.6.1 a) may be on the battery, the sealing tab or the package.4.1.6.1 c) may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery. 4.1.6.1 b), 4.1.6.1 d) and 4.1.6.1 e) may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
c) Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given.
Keep batteries out of the reach of children. In particular, keep batteries which are considered swallowable out of the reach of children, particularly those batteries fitting within the limits of the ingestion gauge as defined in Figure 1. See Figure 2 for an example of keep batteries out of the reach of children.
Figure 2 Example for warning against swallowing, particularly coin cell batteries
In case of ingestion of a cell or battery, seek medical assistance promptly. Swallowing coin cells or batteries can cause chemical burns, perforation of soft tissue, and in severe cases can cause death. They need to be removed immediately if swallowed. See Figure 2 for an example of appropriate warning text.
For batteries that fit entirely within the Ingestion Gauge (Figure 1) the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery, while all other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate package. However, when batteries are intended for direct sale in consumer-replaceable applications, caution for ingestion shall also be marked on the immediate package.
Safety pictograms are provided in Annex D. See Annex E for the requirements of packaging and child resistant packaging of coin cells. See Annex F for use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN safety sign.
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 Requirements
5 Performance Testing
6 Performance Test Conditions
7 Sampling and Quality Assurance
8 Battery Packaging
Annex A (Normative) Criteria for the Standardization of Batteries
Annex B (Informative) Recommendations for Equipment Design
Annex C (Normative) Designation System (Nomenclature)
Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms
D.1 General
Annex E (normative) Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells
Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign
Annex G (Informative) Standard Discharge Voltage — Definition and Method of Determination
Annex H (Informative) Preparation of Standard Methods of Measuring Performance (SMMP) of Consumer Goods
Annex I (Informative) Calculation Method for the Specified Value of Minimum Average Duration
Annex J (Normative) Code of Practice for Packaging, Shipment, Storage, Use and Disposal of Primary Batteries
Bibliography
GB/T 8897.1-2021 Primary batteries—Part 1: General
GB/T 8897 consists of the following five parts, under the general title Primary Batteries:
— Part 1: General;
— Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications;
— Part 3: Watch Batteries;
— Part 4: Safety of Lithium Batteries;
— Part 5: Safety of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte.
This part is Part 1 of GB/T 8897.
This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 8897.1-2013 Primary Batteries — Part 1: General in whole, and the major technical changes have been made with respect to the GB/T 8897.1-2013:
— the definition of coin/button cell or battery is clarified in order to better address issues with the swallowing of coin cells (see 3.3 and 3.6; 3.3 of Edition 2013);
— details on capacity measurement are moved from Annex E to Subclause 5.1 (see 5.1; Annex E of Edition 2013).
— the number of test batteries is changed from 9 to 8, and calculate the average without the exclusion of any result (see 5.3; 5.3 of Edition 2013);
— the humidity conditions for non P-system batteries in Table 3 is modified (see 6.1; 6.1 of Edition 2013);
— the standard discharge voltage for the Y and W chemistries is added (see Annex G, G.3);
— the order of the Annexes is changed to the order in which they appear in the document and a caption is added to indicate where the Annex information first appears in the document;
— Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms is added (see Annex D);
— Annex E (Normative) Packaging and Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells is added (see Annex E);
— Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign is added (see Annex F).
This part was proposed by China National Light Industry Council.
This part is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee 176 on Primary Cells and Batteries of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 176).
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
— GB/T 8897-1988, GB/T 8897-1996;
— GB/T 8897.1-2003, GB/T 8897.1-2008, GB/T 8897.1-2013.
Primary Batteries — Part 1: General
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 8897 is intended to standardize primary batteries with respect to electrochemical systems, dimensions, nomenclature, terminal configurations, markings, test methods, typical performance, safety and environmental aspects. As a primary battery classification tool, electrochemical systems are also standardized with respect to system letter, electrodes, electrolyte, nominal and maximum open circuit voltage.
This part is applicable to the batteries that meet the requirements of Annex A to ensure that batteries from different manufacturers are interchangeable according to standard form, fit and function.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 8897.2-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications (IEC 60086-2:2015, MOD)
GB/T 8897.3-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 3: Watch Batteries (IEC 60086-3:2016, MOD)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
application test
simulation of the actual use of a battery in a specific application
3.2
battery
one or more cells electrically connected and fitted in a case, with terminals, markings and protective devices etc., as necessary for use
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-04, modified]
3.3
button (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
Note: In English, the term “button (cell or battery)” is only used for non-lithium batteries while the term “coin (cell or battery)” is used for lithium batteries only. In languages other than English, the terms “coin” and “button” are often used interchangeably, regardless of the electrochemical system.
3.4
cell
basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-01]
3.5
closed-circuit voltage (CCV)
voltage across the terminals of a battery when it is on discharge
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-28, modified.
3.6
coin (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
3.7
cylindrical (cell or battery)
round cell or battery in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
Note: IEC 60050-482: 2004, definition 482-02-39, modified.
3.8
discharge of a primary battery
operation during which a battery delivers current to an external circuit
3.9
dry (primary) battery
primary battery in which the liquid electrolyte is essentially immobilized
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-04-14, modified.
3.10
effective internal resistance – DC method
the internal d.c. resistance of any electrochemical cell is defined by the following relation:
3.11
end-point voltage; EV
specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-30]
3.12
leakage
unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-02-32]
3.13
minimum average duration; MAD
minimum average time on discharge which is met by a sample of batteries
Note: The discharge test is carried out according to the specified methods or standards and designed to show conformity with the standard applicable to the battery types.
3.14
nominal voltage (of a primary battery)
Un
suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an electrochemical system
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-31, modified.
3.15
open-circuit voltage; OCV
voltage across the terminals of a cell or battery when it is off discharge
3.16
primary (cell or battery)
cell or battery that is not designed to be electrically recharged
3.17
round (cell or battery)
cell or battery with circular cross section
3.1 8
service output (of a primary battery)
service life, or capacity, or energy output of a battery under specified conditions of discharge
3.1 9
service output test
test designed to measure the service output of a battery
Note: A service output test may be prescribed, for example, when:
a) an application test is too complex to replicate;
b) the duration of an application test would make it impractical for routine testing purposes .
3.20
small battery
cell or battery fitting entirely within the limits of the truncated cylinder as defined in Figure 1
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 1 Ingestion gauge (inner dimensions)
3.21
storage life
duration under specified conditions at the end of which a battery retains its ability to perform a specified service output
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-47, modified.
3.22
terminals (of a primary battery)
conductive parts of a battery that provide connection to an external circuit
3.23
explosion (battery explosion)
an instantaneous release wherein solid matter from any part of the battery is propelled to a distance greater than 25 cm away from the battery
4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 Design
When designing primary batteries, the aforementioned considerations shall be taken into account. Specifically, their dimensional conformity and stability, their physical and electrical performance and their safe operation under normal use and foreseeable mis-use conditions shall be assured.
Additional information on equipment design can be found in Annex B.
4.1.2 Battery dimensions
The dimensions for individual types of batteries are given in GB/T 8897.2-2021 and GB/T 8897.3-2021.
4.1.3 Terminals
4.1.3.1 General
Terminals shall be in accordance with Clause 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Their physical shape shall be designed in such a way that they ensure that the batteries make and maintain good electrical contact at all times.
They shall be made of materials that provide good electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
4.1.3.2 Contact pressure resistance
Where stated in the battery specification tables or the individual specification sheets in GB/T 8897.2-2021, the following applies a force of 10 N applied through a steel ball of 1 mm diameter at the centre of each contact area for a period of 10 s shall not cause any apparent deformation which might prevent satisfactory operation of the battery.
Note: See also GB/T 8897.3-2021 for exceptions.
4.1.3.3 Cap and base
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 1 to 4, Figure 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021 and which have the cylindrical side of the battery insulated from the terminals.
4.1.3.4 Cap and case
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 7 and 8 of GB/T 8897.2-2021, but in which the cylindrical side of the battery forms part of the positive terminal.
4.1.3.5 Screw terminals
This contact consists of a threaded rod in combination with either a metal or insulated metal nut.
4.1.3.6 Flat contacts
These are essentially flat metal surfaces adapted to make electrical contact by suitable contact mechanisms bearing against them.
4.1.3.7 Flat or spiral springs
These contacts comprise flat metal strips or spirally wound wires which are in a form that provides pressure contact.
4.1.3.8 Plug-in-sockets
These are made up of a suitable assembly of metal contacts, mounted in an insulated housing or holding device and adapted to receive corresponding pins of a mating plug.
4.1.3.9 Snap fasteners
4.1.3.9.1 General
These contacts are composed of a combination comprising a stud (non-resilient) for the positive terminal and a socket (resilient) for the negative terminal.
They shall be of suitable metal so as to provide efficient electrical connection when joined to the corresponding parts of an external circuit.
4.1.3.9.2 Snap fastener
This type of terminal consists of a stud for the positive terminal and a socket for the negative terminal. These shall be made from nickel plated steel or other suitable material. They shall be designed to provide a secure physical and electrical connection, when fitted with similar corresponding parts for connection to an electrical circuit.
4.1.3.10 Wire
Wire leads may be single or multi-strand flexible insulated tinned copper. The positive terminal wire covering shall be red and the negative black.
4.1.3.11 Other spring contacts or clips
These contacts are generally used on batteries when the corresponding parts of the external circuit are not precisely known. They shall be of spring brass or of other material having similar properties.
4.1.4 Classification (electrochemical system)
Primary batteries are classified according to their electrochemical system.
Each system, with the exception of the zinc-ammonium chloride, zinc chloride-manganese dioxide system, has been allocated a letter denoting the particular system.
The electrochemical systems that have been standardized up to now are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Standardized electrochemical systems
Letter Negative electrode Electrolyte Positive electrode Nominal voltage, Un
V Maximum open circuit voltage
V
No letter Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.73
A Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.55
B Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Carbon monofluoride (CF)x 3.0 3.7
C Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 3.0 3.7
E Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) 3.6 3.9
F Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Iron disulfide (FeS2) 1.5 1.90
G Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Copper (II) oxide (CuO) 1.5 2.3
L Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.68
P Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.59
S Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Silver oxide (Ag2O) 1.55 1.63
W Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 3.0 3.05
Y Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) 3.9 4.1
Z Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) 1.5 1.78
Note 1: The value of the nominal voltage is not verifiable; therefore it is only given as a reference.
Note 2: The maximum open-circuit voltage is measured as defined in 5.5 and 6.8.1.
Note 3: When referring to an electrochemical system, common protocol is to list negative electrode first, followed by positive electrode, i.e. lithium-iron disulfide.
4.1.5 Designation
The designation of primary batteries is based on their physical parameters, their electrochemical system as well as modifiers, if needed.
A comprehensive explanation of the designation system (nomenclature) can be found in Annex C.
4.1.6 Marking
4.1.6.1 General (see Table 2)
With the exception of small batteries (see 4.1.6.2), each battery shall be marked with the following information:
a) designation;
b) expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code;
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal;
d) nominal voltage;
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier;
f) trademark;
g) executive standard number;
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions).
Note: Examples of the common designations can be found in Annex E of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Table 2 Marking requirements
Marking Small batteries
Batteries with the exception of small batteries Other systems Small batteries
a) Designation A A C
b) Expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code A B B
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal A A D
d) nominal voltage; A B B
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier A B B
f) trademark A Ba Ba
g) executive standard number A Ba Ba
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions) A Ba Ba
A: shall be marked on the battery
B: may be marked on the immediate packing instead on the battery
C: may be marked on the battery, the sealing tab or the immediate packing
D: may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery
a Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given. Refer to 4.1.6.2 c) for details.
4.1.6.2 Marking of small batteries (see Table 2)
Small batteries are mainly Category 3 and Category 4 batteries in GB/T 8897.2-2021. The markings of small batteries are as follows:
a) Batteries designated in the IEC as small, mainly category 3 and category 4 batteries have a surface too small to accommodate all markings shown in 4.1.6.1. For these batteries the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery. All other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
b) For P-system batteries, 4.1.6.1 a) may be on the battery, the sealing tab or the package.4.1.6.1 c) may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery. 4.1.6.1 b), 4.1.6.1 d) and 4.1.6.1 e) may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
c) Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given.
Keep batteries out of the reach of children. In particular, keep batteries which are considered swallowable out of the reach of children, particularly those batteries fitting within the limits of the ingestion gauge as defined in Figure 1. See Figure 2 for an example of keep batteries out of the reach of children.
Figure 2 Example for warning against swallowing, particularly coin cell batteries
In case of ingestion of a cell or battery, seek medical assistance promptly. Swallowing coin cells or batteries can cause chemical burns, perforation of soft tissue, and in severe cases can cause death. They need to be removed immediately if swallowed. See Figure 2 for an example of appropriate warning text.
For batteries that fit entirely within the Ingestion Gauge (Figure 1) the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery, while all other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate package. However, when batteries are intended for direct sale in consumer-replaceable applications, caution for ingestion shall also be marked on the immediate package.
Safety pictograms are provided in Annex D. See Annex E for the requirements of packaging and child resistant packaging of coin cells. See Annex F for use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN safety sign.
Contents of GB/T 8897.1-2021
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 Requirements
5 Performance Testing
6 Performance Test Conditions
7 Sampling and Quality Assurance
8 Battery Packaging
Annex A (Normative) Criteria for the Standardization of Batteries
Annex B (Informative) Recommendations for Equipment Design
Annex C (Normative) Designation System (Nomenclature)
Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms
D.1 General
Annex E (normative) Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells
Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign
Annex G (Informative) Standard Discharge Voltage — Definition and Method of Determination
Annex H (Informative) Preparation of Standard Methods of Measuring Performance (SMMP) of Consumer Goods
Annex I (Informative) Calculation Method for the Specified Value of Minimum Average Duration
Annex J (Normative) Code of Practice for Packaging, Shipment, Storage, Use and Disposal of Primary Batteries
Bibliography
