Clause 4, Clause 5; 6.2, 6.5 and 6.6 of Clause 6; Clause 7; 8.2 of Clause 8; 9.3 of Clause 9; 11.2 of Clause 11; 12.2 and 12.6 of Clause 12; Clause 14, Clause 15, Clause 17 and Clause 18 of this standard are mandatory; and the rest are recommendatory.
This standard is identical with International Standard ISO 4210:1996 "Cycles — Safety Requirements for Bicycles" (Fourth Edition).
For the purposes of this standard, the following editorial changes have also been made on ISO 4210:1996: for example, the section numbers of ISO 4210:1996 are deleted; ISO standards referenced in ISO 4210:1996 are changed to corresponding professional standards of bicycle parts in China, the technical provisions of which are equivalent to the ISO standards referenced.
In producing this standard, the aim has been to ensure that bicycles manufactured in compliance with it will be as safe as is practically possible. The tests are designed to ensure the strength and durability of individual parts as well as of the bicycle as a whole, demanding high quality throughout and consideration of safety aspects from the design stage onwards.
This standard cancels and replaces GB 3565-1993 (idt ISO 4210:1989, the third edition), the following technical deviations have been made with respect to the GB 3565-1993 (the previous edition).
— Enhance brake performance requirements and test methods;
— Add requirements for wheel quick-release mechanisms;
— Enhance requirements for chainguards to cover multi-chainwheel assemblies;
— Add new requirements for fatigue testing of handlebar assemblies, front forks, pedal crank assemblies and saddle pillars.
The scope of this standard limited to safety considerations, and has specifically avoided standardization of components (dimensions).
The Annex A and Annex B of this standard are for informative only.
This standard was proposed by China National Light Industry Council.
This standard was prepared by National Technical Committee on Bicycle of Standardization Administration of China.
The previous editions of the standard replaced by this standard are as follows:
— GB 3565-1983, GB 3565-1993.
Safety Requirements for Bicycles
General
1 Scope
This standard specifies safety and performance requirements for the design, assembly and testing of bicycles and sub-assemblies, and lays down guidelines for instructions on the use and care of bicycles.
This standard is applicable to bicycles intended for use on public roads, and on which the saddle can be adjusted to provide a saddle height of 635 mm or more.
This standard does not apply to specialized types of bicycle such as tradesmen’s delivery bicycles, tandems, toy bicycles and bicycles designed and equipped for use in sanctioned competitive events.
2 Normative References
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections), or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply to this standard. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
QB/T 1716-1993 Cycle Chains
QB/T 1723-1993 Bells for Bicycles
QB 2191-1995 Cycle reflectors
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 cycle
Any vehicle that has at least two wheels and is propelled solely by the muscular energy of the person on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals
3.2 bicycle
Two-wheeled cycle
3.3 delivery bicycle
Bicycle designed for the primary purpose of carrying goods
3.4 tandem
Bicycle with saddles for two or more riders, one behind the other
3.5 saddle height
Dimension from the ground plane to the top of the saddle, measured in the centre of the seating area normal to the ground plane when the bicycle is upright
3.6 braking distance
Distance travelled by a bicycle between the commencement of braking (3.7) and the point at which the bicycle comes to rest
3.7 commencement of braking
Point on the test track at which the brake actuating mechanism is moved from its rest position. In tests with two brakes, this point is determined by the first mechanism to operate
3.8 gear development
Distance travelled by a bicycle during one revolution of the pedal cranks
3.9 exposed protrusion
Protrusion that can be contacted by the central 75 mm of the lateral surface of a cylinder 250 mm long and 83 mm in diameter (simulating a limb), see Figure 1
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 1 Exposed Protrusion Test Cylinder
3.10 (pedal) tread surface
Surface of a pedal that is presented to the underside of the foot, the design of which incorporates a slip-resistant characteristic
3.11 ferrous component
Component composed of structural members made entirely from ferrous materials excluding any jointing media such as brazing materials or adhesives
3.12 non-ferrous component
Component composed of structural members made entirely from non-ferrous materials excluding any jointing media such as adhesives
Note: For the purposes of the choice of fatigue test forces, any component made from a mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous members shall be classified as non-ferrous.
3.13 crank assembly
Crank assembly for fatigue testing consists of the two cranks, the pedal spindles, the bottom bracket spindle, and the first component of the drive system, e.g. chainwheel
Requirements of Sub-assemblies
4 General
4.1 Sharp edges
Exposed edges that could come into contact with the rider’s hands, legs, etc., during normal riding or normal handling and normal maintenance shall not be sharp.
4.2 Protrusions
Any rigid exposed protrusion longer than 8 mm after assembly shall terminate in a radius of not less than 6.3 mm. Such protrusions shall have a major end dimension greater than 12.7 mm and a minor end dimension greater than 3.2 mm.
There shall be no protrusions on the top tube of a bicycle frame between the saddle and a point 300 mm forward of the saddle, with the exception that control cables no greater than 6.4 mm in diameter and cable clamps made from material no thicker than 4.8 mm may be attached to the top tube.
Foam pads attached to the bicycle frame to act as protective cushions are permitted, provided that the bicycle meets the requirements for protrusions when the pads are removed.
A screw thread that is an exposed protrusion (3.9) shall be limited to a protrusion length of one major diameter of the screw beyond the internally threaded mating part.
5 Brakes
5.1 Braking systems
A bicycle shall be equipped with two braking systems. One shall operate on the front wheel and one on the rear wheel. The braking systems shall operate without binding and shall be capable of meeting the braking performance requirements of 5.5.
Brake blocks containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
5.2 Hand-operated brakes
5.2.1 Brake lever position
Hand brake levers for front and rear brakes shall be positioned according to the legislation or custom and practice of the country in which the bicycle is to be sold.
5.2.2 Brake lever dimensions
The maximum grip dimension, d, measured between the outer surfaces of the brake lever and the handlebar, or the handlebar grip or any other covering where present, shall not exceed 90 mm between points A and B, and 100 mm between points B and C (see Figure 2).
Note: The range of adjustment on the brake lever should permit these dimensions to be obtained.
5.2.3 Attachment of brake assembly
The screws used to attach a brake assembly to the frame, fork or handlebar shall be provided with suitable locking devices, for example a lock-washer, lock-nut or stiff-nut.
Cable pinch-bolts shall not sever any of the cable strands when assembled to the manufacturer’s instructions. In the event of a brake cable failing, no part of the brake mechanism shall inadvertently inhibit the rotation of the wheel.
The cable end shall either be protected with a cap that shall withstand a removal force of 20 N or be otherwise treated to prevent unravelling.
5.2.4 Brake block assembly
The brake block shall be securely attached to the backing plate or holder and there shall be no failure of the block assembly when tested by the method specified in Clause 22. The brake system shall be capable of meeting the strength test specified in 5.4.1 and the braking performance requirements of 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 after completion of the test specified in Clause 22.
5.2.5 Brake adjustment
The brakes shall be capable of adjustment to an efficient operating position until the brake blocks have worn to the point of requiring replacement as recommended in the literature provided by the manufacturer.
When correctly adjusted, the brake block shall not contact anything other than the intended braking surface.
The brake blocks of a bicycle with rod brakes shall not come into contact with the rim of the wheels when the steering angle of the handlebars is set at 60°, nor shall the rods bend, or be twisted after the handlebars are reset to the central position.
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 2 Brake Lever Grip Dimensions
5.3 Back-pedal brakes
The brake shall be actuated by the operator’s foot applying force to the pedal in a direction opposite to that of the drive force. The brake mechanism shall function independently of any drive-gear positions or adjustments. The differential between the drive and brake positions of the crank shall not exceed 60°. The measurement shall be taken with the crank held against each position with a torque of at least 14 N. m.
5.4 Strength of brake system
5.4.1 Hand-operated brakes
When tested by the method described in 23.1, there shall be no failure of the brake system or of any component thereof.
5.4.2 Back-pedal brakes
When tested by the method described in 23.2, there shall be no failure of the brake system or any component thereof.
5.5 Braking performance
5.5.1 Braking under dry conditions
When tested by the method described in Clause 24, a bicycle shall be brought to a smooth safe stop within the relevant distances and from the relevant velocities given in Table 1.
5.5.2 Braking under wet conditions
When tested by the method described in Clause 24, a bicycle shall be brought to a smooth safe stop within the relevant distances and from the relevant velocities given in Table 1.
Table 1 Brake Test Velocities and Braking Distances
Test conditions Test velocity (km/h) Brakes in use Braking distance (m)
Dry 25 Both 7
Rear only 15
Wet 16 Both 9
Rear only 19
5.5.3 Extension levers
Where a bicycle is fitted with extension levers, separate tests shall be conducted for the operation of the extension levers in addition to tests using the normal levers to which the extensions are attached.
5.5.4 Linearity of back-pedal brake
When tested by the method described in Clause 25, the brake force shall be linearly proportional (within ±20%) for a pedal force from 90 N to 300 N and shall be not less than 150 N for a pedal force of 300 N.
6 Steering
6.1 Handlebars
The handlebars shall have an overall width between 350 mm and 700 mm. The vertical distance between the top of the handlebar grips, when assembled to the highest riding position according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the seat surface of the saddle in its lowest position shall not exceed 400 mm.
The ends of the handlebars shall be fitted with handgrips or end plugs that will withstand a removal force of 70 N.
Foreword II
General
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
Requirements of Sub-assemblies
4 General
5 Brakes
6 Steering
7 Frame-fork assembly
8 Front fork
9 Wheels
10 Rims, Tyres and Tubes
11 Pedals and Pedal/Crank Drive System
12 Saddle
13 Chain
14 Chainguard
15 Spoke Protector
16 Lighting
17 Reflectors
18 Warning Device
19 Instructions
20 Marking
Requirements of Complete Bicycle
21 Road Test
Test Methods
22 Brake Block Test
23 Brake System Load Test
24 Braking Performance Test
25 Back-pedal Brake Linearity Test
26 Steering Assembly Test
27 Impact Tests on Frame-fork Assembly
28 Static Load Test (Wheel)
29 Pedal Tests
30 Saddle and Saddle Pillar Tests
31 Road Test
Annex A (Informative) Explanation of Method of Least Squares for Obtaining Line of Best Fit and ±20% Limit Lines for Back-pedal Brake Linearity Test
Annex B (Informative) Steering Geometry
Bibliography
Clause 4, Clause 5; 6.2, 6.5 and 6.6 of Clause 6; Clause 7; 8.2 of Clause 8; 9.3 of Clause 9; 11.2 of Clause 11; 12.2 and 12.6 of Clause 12; Clause 14, Clause 15, Clause 17 and Clause 18 of this standard are mandatory; and the rest are recommendatory.
This standard is identical with International Standard ISO 4210:1996 "Cycles — Safety Requirements for Bicycles" (Fourth Edition).
For the purposes of this standard, the following editorial changes have also been made on ISO 4210:1996: for example, the section numbers of ISO 4210:1996 are deleted; ISO standards referenced in ISO 4210:1996 are changed to corresponding professional standards of bicycle parts in China, the technical provisions of which are equivalent to the ISO standards referenced.
In producing this standard, the aim has been to ensure that bicycles manufactured in compliance with it will be as safe as is practically possible. The tests are designed to ensure the strength and durability of individual parts as well as of the bicycle as a whole, demanding high quality throughout and consideration of safety aspects from the design stage onwards.
This standard cancels and replaces GB 3565-1993 (idt ISO 4210:1989, the third edition), the following technical deviations have been made with respect to the GB 3565-1993 (the previous edition).
— Enhance brake performance requirements and test methods;
— Add requirements for wheel quick-release mechanisms;
— Enhance requirements for chainguards to cover multi-chainwheel assemblies;
— Add new requirements for fatigue testing of handlebar assemblies, front forks, pedal crank assemblies and saddle pillars.
The scope of this standard limited to safety considerations, and has specifically avoided standardization of components (dimensions).
The Annex A and Annex B of this standard are for informative only.
This standard was proposed by China National Light Industry Council.
This standard was prepared by National Technical Committee on Bicycle of Standardization Administration of China.
The previous editions of the standard replaced by this standard are as follows:
— GB 3565-1983, GB 3565-1993.
Safety Requirements for Bicycles
General
1 Scope
This standard specifies safety and performance requirements for the design, assembly and testing of bicycles and sub-assemblies, and lays down guidelines for instructions on the use and care of bicycles.
This standard is applicable to bicycles intended for use on public roads, and on which the saddle can be adjusted to provide a saddle height of 635 mm or more.
This standard does not apply to specialized types of bicycle such as tradesmen’s delivery bicycles, tandems, toy bicycles and bicycles designed and equipped for use in sanctioned competitive events.
2 Normative References
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections), or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply to this standard. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
QB/T 1716-1993 Cycle Chains
QB/T 1723-1993 Bells for Bicycles
QB 2191-1995 Cycle reflectors
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 cycle
Any vehicle that has at least two wheels and is propelled solely by the muscular energy of the person on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals
3.2 bicycle
Two-wheeled cycle
3.3 delivery bicycle
Bicycle designed for the primary purpose of carrying goods
3.4 tandem
Bicycle with saddles for two or more riders, one behind the other
3.5 saddle height
Dimension from the ground plane to the top of the saddle, measured in the centre of the seating area normal to the ground plane when the bicycle is upright
3.6 braking distance
Distance travelled by a bicycle between the commencement of braking (3.7) and the point at which the bicycle comes to rest
3.7 commencement of braking
Point on the test track at which the brake actuating mechanism is moved from its rest position. In tests with two brakes, this point is determined by the first mechanism to operate
3.8 gear development
Distance travelled by a bicycle during one revolution of the pedal cranks
3.9 exposed protrusion
Protrusion that can be contacted by the central 75 mm of the lateral surface of a cylinder 250 mm long and 83 mm in diameter (simulating a limb), see Figure 1
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 1 Exposed Protrusion Test Cylinder
3.10 (pedal) tread surface
Surface of a pedal that is presented to the underside of the foot, the design of which incorporates a slip-resistant characteristic
3.11 ferrous component
Component composed of structural members made entirely from ferrous materials excluding any jointing media such as brazing materials or adhesives
3.12 non-ferrous component
Component composed of structural members made entirely from non-ferrous materials excluding any jointing media such as adhesives
Note: For the purposes of the choice of fatigue test forces, any component made from a mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous members shall be classified as non-ferrous.
3.13 crank assembly
Crank assembly for fatigue testing consists of the two cranks, the pedal spindles, the bottom bracket spindle, and the first component of the drive system, e.g. chainwheel
Requirements of Sub-assemblies
4 General
4.1 Sharp edges
Exposed edges that could come into contact with the rider’s hands, legs, etc., during normal riding or normal handling and normal maintenance shall not be sharp.
4.2 Protrusions
Any rigid exposed protrusion longer than 8 mm after assembly shall terminate in a radius of not less than 6.3 mm. Such protrusions shall have a major end dimension greater than 12.7 mm and a minor end dimension greater than 3.2 mm.
There shall be no protrusions on the top tube of a bicycle frame between the saddle and a point 300 mm forward of the saddle, with the exception that control cables no greater than 6.4 mm in diameter and cable clamps made from material no thicker than 4.8 mm may be attached to the top tube.
Foam pads attached to the bicycle frame to act as protective cushions are permitted, provided that the bicycle meets the requirements for protrusions when the pads are removed.
A screw thread that is an exposed protrusion (3.9) shall be limited to a protrusion length of one major diameter of the screw beyond the internally threaded mating part.
5 Brakes
5.1 Braking systems
A bicycle shall be equipped with two braking systems. One shall operate on the front wheel and one on the rear wheel. The braking systems shall operate without binding and shall be capable of meeting the braking performance requirements of 5.5.
Brake blocks containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
5.2 Hand-operated brakes
5.2.1 Brake lever position
Hand brake levers for front and rear brakes shall be positioned according to the legislation or custom and practice of the country in which the bicycle is to be sold.
5.2.2 Brake lever dimensions
The maximum grip dimension, d, measured between the outer surfaces of the brake lever and the handlebar, or the handlebar grip or any other covering where present, shall not exceed 90 mm between points A and B, and 100 mm between points B and C (see Figure 2).
Note: The range of adjustment on the brake lever should permit these dimensions to be obtained.
5.2.3 Attachment of brake assembly
The screws used to attach a brake assembly to the frame, fork or handlebar shall be provided with suitable locking devices, for example a lock-washer, lock-nut or stiff-nut.
Cable pinch-bolts shall not sever any of the cable strands when assembled to the manufacturer’s instructions. In the event of a brake cable failing, no part of the brake mechanism shall inadvertently inhibit the rotation of the wheel.
The cable end shall either be protected with a cap that shall withstand a removal force of 20 N or be otherwise treated to prevent unravelling.
5.2.4 Brake block assembly
The brake block shall be securely attached to the backing plate or holder and there shall be no failure of the block assembly when tested by the method specified in Clause 22. The brake system shall be capable of meeting the strength test specified in 5.4.1 and the braking performance requirements of 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 after completion of the test specified in Clause 22.
5.2.5 Brake adjustment
The brakes shall be capable of adjustment to an efficient operating position until the brake blocks have worn to the point of requiring replacement as recommended in the literature provided by the manufacturer.
When correctly adjusted, the brake block shall not contact anything other than the intended braking surface.
The brake blocks of a bicycle with rod brakes shall not come into contact with the rim of the wheels when the steering angle of the handlebars is set at 60°, nor shall the rods bend, or be twisted after the handlebars are reset to the central position.
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 2 Brake Lever Grip Dimensions
5.3 Back-pedal brakes
The brake shall be actuated by the operator’s foot applying force to the pedal in a direction opposite to that of the drive force. The brake mechanism shall function independently of any drive-gear positions or adjustments. The differential between the drive and brake positions of the crank shall not exceed 60°. The measurement shall be taken with the crank held against each position with a torque of at least 14 N. m.
5.4 Strength of brake system
5.4.1 Hand-operated brakes
When tested by the method described in 23.1, there shall be no failure of the brake system or of any component thereof.
5.4.2 Back-pedal brakes
When tested by the method described in 23.2, there shall be no failure of the brake system or any component thereof.
5.5 Braking performance
5.5.1 Braking under dry conditions
When tested by the method described in Clause 24, a bicycle shall be brought to a smooth safe stop within the relevant distances and from the relevant velocities given in Table 1.
5.5.2 Braking under wet conditions
When tested by the method described in Clause 24, a bicycle shall be brought to a smooth safe stop within the relevant distances and from the relevant velocities given in Table 1.
Table 1 Brake Test Velocities and Braking Distances
Test conditions Test velocity (km/h) Brakes in use Braking distance (m)
Dry 25 Both 7
Rear only 15
Wet 16 Both 9
Rear only 19
5.5.3 Extension levers
Where a bicycle is fitted with extension levers, separate tests shall be conducted for the operation of the extension levers in addition to tests using the normal levers to which the extensions are attached.
5.5.4 Linearity of back-pedal brake
When tested by the method described in Clause 25, the brake force shall be linearly proportional (within ±20%) for a pedal force from 90 N to 300 N and shall be not less than 150 N for a pedal force of 300 N.
6 Steering
6.1 Handlebars
The handlebars shall have an overall width between 350 mm and 700 mm. The vertical distance between the top of the handlebar grips, when assembled to the highest riding position according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the seat surface of the saddle in its lowest position shall not exceed 400 mm.
The ends of the handlebars shall be fitted with handgrips or end plugs that will withstand a removal force of 70 N.
Contents of GB 3565-2005
Foreword II
General
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
Requirements of Sub-assemblies
4 General
5 Brakes
6 Steering
7 Frame-fork assembly
8 Front fork
9 Wheels
10 Rims, Tyres and Tubes
11 Pedals and Pedal/Crank Drive System
12 Saddle
13 Chain
14 Chainguard
15 Spoke Protector
16 Lighting
17 Reflectors
18 Warning Device
19 Instructions
20 Marking
Requirements of Complete Bicycle
21 Road Test
Test Methods
22 Brake Block Test
23 Brake System Load Test
24 Braking Performance Test
25 Back-pedal Brake Linearity Test
26 Steering Assembly Test
27 Impact Tests on Frame-fork Assembly
28 Static Load Test (Wheel)
29 Pedal Tests
30 Saddle and Saddle Pillar Tests
31 Road Test
Annex A (Informative) Explanation of Method of Least Squares for Obtaining Line of Best Fit and ±20% Limit Lines for Back-pedal Brake Linearity Test
Annex B (Informative) Steering Geometry
Bibliography
